tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87598030755730815902024-02-20T21:37:43.081-05:00What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?Online Parent Coaching for Parents of Children with Oppositional Defiant DisorderUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger49125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-65753291202250248002013-05-10T12:05:00.002-04:002022-03-28T10:20:15.958-04:00Ask - Don't Tell: Tips for Parents with Defiant Children<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Autonomy carried to its extreme gives rise to defiant behavior where a child refuses to be controlled by anybody. Parents often get locked in conflict cycles with such children. <br />
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Defiant behavior is developmentally appropriate at three stages in a child’s life:</div>
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<li>age 2 - when the youngster is going from infancy to childhood</li>
<li>puberty - when the young person is going from childhood to adulthood</li>
<li>old age - when the individual is going from self-sufficient adulthood to needing supportive care </li>
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What is similar about these developmental stages is that each is a time of intense transition when the person feels "out of control" regarding his or her circumstances. Some people get stuck in a defiant stage. This type of behavior is especially strong when teenagers feel that they have no control over a life situation (e.g., divorce, separation, moving, death, change in school, etc.). The reaction is to fight for control.<br />
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Parents need to recognize that any child can exhibit defiant behavior without having enough symptoms to qualify him or her for a specific diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Although children who are defiant appear to know the difference between right and wrong, they are confused and frustrated by the fact that the rules keep changing from one adult to the next. They want to see the world in black and white terms, because transitions are disturbing to them. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As a result, they constantly test the limits. Telling such a child what to do is synonymous with drawing a line in the sand. When limits are set or directives are given, oppositional defiant children feel as if someone is controlling them, and they retaliate.<br />
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Generally, these children do not have problems with their friends unless they are in a position of authority (e.g., captain of a sports team, head of a safety patrol). In fact, the child who is defiant can be viewed as a leader by his or her peer group and, especially at the junior- or senior-high school level, can be seen as a champion for all kids' rights. Young people who are feeling the need to assert their independence can view the defiant peer as a hero. For the most part, the oppositional child’s "enemies" are parents and teachers.<br />
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An oppositional defiant child or teen has great difficulty being told what to do (e.g., “clean your room” … “feed the dog” … “get off the phone” …etc.). Defiant kids function much better under systems in which they are given the opportunity to “self-motivate,” because it gives them a feeling of being in control. Mrs. Howard, a middle school teacher, implemented some of the suggestions made for dealing with students who are defiant. Her challenge was a young boy who refused to comply with whatever she told him to do. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When the problems approached a boiling point, she had tried moving his desk closer to her, and his behavior got even worse. She had escalated disciplinary consequences, and he said he didn’t care. She eventually decided to move his seat away from her, and she started making a conscious effort to “ask” him what he needed to be doing, rather than “telling” him. She related the following story:<br />
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One day I asked him in the morning what he needed to do before he could have recess. He said, "Clean my desk." I nodded and went about teaching the morning activities. About an hour later he came up to me and said, "I’m almost done." "Almost done with what?" I asked. "Cleaning my desk," he replied.<br />
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The teacher went on to say that she was totally shocked. She had forgotten all about the desk cleaning, but he hadn’t. Until that point, she had argued with him about desk cleaning – he hadn’t done a thing she told him to do all year. Just changing her approach from "demanding" to "asking" made all the difference. "I wish I’d known this back in September," Mrs. Howard stated. "He’s like a changed person as long as I remember to ask rather than tell."<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a> </span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-15933628983196292912012-06-22T14:07:00.004-04:002022-03-21T09:42:20.818-04:00Tricks To Getting Compliance From Defiant Children and Teens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Children and teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) talk back, refuse to do chores, use bad language, and say things like "You can't make me" nearly every day. While all children display this kind of behavior from time to time, with Oppositional Defiant Disorder children, the symptoms continue for six months or more. Thus, moms and dads feel they are always struggling with their youngster. <br />
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Even more confounding, conventional discipline strategies usual fail. Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder refuse to go on a time-out from an early age, and claim not to care about losing privileges. If their exasperated mother or father shut them in their rooms, they may destroy their own belongings or go out the window. When parents resort to spanking, the ODD child focuses on the parent’s behavior (e.g., "I'll call the police and report you for child abuse") instead of his own. Defiant kids actually believe they are equal to their parents. <br />
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It's typical for a parent with an Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster to feel isolated. You don't know anything about children like this until you have one. Until people have been in your shoes, they have no idea.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Parenting Children and Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</b></a> <br />
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The notion that moms and dads are to blame is often reinforced by the fact that some Oppositional Defiant Disorder children are model citizens away from home. Many get good grades at school, cooperate with teachers, and are polite with their peer’s parents. Some are even able to convince therapists that their problems are caused entirely by their mother or father.<br />
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No one knows exactly how many children have Oppositional Defiant Disorder because it is a relatively new diagnosis and tends to overlap with other problems. The best estimates are that 6 to 22 percent of all school-age kids have Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Mothers and fathers often seek help for Oppositional Defiant Disorder children around five or six, an age when most children become more social and start to be more cooperative rather than less so. <br />
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Most experts think that a youngster's inherent personality and disposition contribute to the disorder, and it may be heightened when moms and dads aren't educated about how to handle it. Oppositional Defiant Disorder often coexists with other problems (e.g., ADHD, learning disabilities, mood disorders, etc.). It is sometimes more effective to treat an Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster once some of the related problems have been treated with medication.<br />
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In many cases, the problem is evident almost from birth and only grows more pronounced over time. In other cases, the disorder is latent, only triggered during a crisis in the youngster's life (e.g., divorce, illness or death of someone close to the family, etc.). Sometimes Oppositional Defiant Disorder is more like a fever than a disorder (i.e., it's symptomatic of something else). <br />
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Many moms and dads find they do best with their children when they start to think of Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a mental disorder – and not a willful act. Oppositional Defiant Disorder children are essentially handicapped in their ability to be flexible and handle frustration. These children maintain a defiant attitude even when it's clearly not in their best interest. So we have to assume they would be doing well if they could, but they lack the capacity for flexibility and frustration management that ordinary kids develop.<br />
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Thus, expecting perfectly compliant behavior from an ODD youngster who may not be able to deliver the goods is unrealistic. Instead, you have to remain as patient as possible, and try to teach your youngster skills that help him deal with frustration, irritability, inflexibility and other difficult feelings. It may help to consult a therapist who can check to see if your youngster really has Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and can give both you and your youngster some coping strategies. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Here are some tricks to getting compliance from your defiant child:</i></span><br />
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1. Because defiant children react so vehemently to direct commands, many moms and dads get better results when they rethink the way they communicate with their ODD youngster. Instead of issuing a direct command like, "Clean up your room," say something more neutral like, "These dirty clothes need to be picked up before you leave to go to your friend’s house." For older ODD kids, some moms and dads sidestep an argument by putting what they want in writing.<br />
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2. Changing the Oppositional Defiant Disorder reflex is hard for these children, so moms and dads need to notice and appreciate even small instances of cooperation. Create as many opportunities for positive reinforcement as possible. If, for example, you're working on a household repair, ask your youngster to hand you a tool. When he does what you ask, thank him specifically for his willingness to help out. If he doesn't, move on without comment. The idea is to make your request so easy that your youngster will comply without thinking about it. Then, for just a moment, he'll experience the positive feelings associated with compliance. <br />
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3. Don't take the ODD child’s behavior personally. That's a tall order when a youngster is yelling at you or calling you a “bitch.” Often, moms and dads can't help feeling that their ODD youngster could control his Oppositional Defiant Disorder behavior if only he'd try harder. But it's critical to gain some distance. Realizing that "it's not personal" makes it more likely that you will respond constructively rather than vindictively to your youngster's behavior.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Parenting Children and Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</b></a> <br />
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4. Mothers and fathers with Oppositional Defiant Disorder children are keenly aware of the problems their children cause. But these children are also often bright, vigorous and very creative. Appreciate the strength that's attached to the defiant drive. A simple technique called affirmation can be quite helpful. For example, when your ODD youngster is reading in bed or watching TV, just sit down beside him. If he says, "Why are you sitting here?" …simply say, "We’re always so busy around here. Everybody's going in every direction. I just missed being with you." Don't try to have a heart-to-heart talk. Simply honor your son or daughter with your presence (you'd be surprised how powerful this can be).<br />
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5. Oppositional Defiant Disorder children are masters at turning everything into a power struggle. The best way to avoid such struggles is to keep the focus of every conversation on the problem at hand. This is easier said than done, of course. In a typical disagreement with an Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster, you might start by stating a simple rule (e.g., "No playing video games until your homework is finished"), and before you know it, you wind up fighting about your child’s cussing and defiance. In other words, you're suddenly in conflict about whether your authority is legitimate. To avoid this, calmly repeat the rule and the reasons for it. Above all, keep your composure. These children crave a reaction from you. So you have to learn not to react. That doesn't mean ignoring your youngster's behavior – just deferring your comments until he's able to hear them. <br />
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6. Oppositional Defiant Disorder children want to be in charge, so give that responsibility whenever you can. For example, instead of arguing with your ODD son about whether he needs a jacket, tell him the weather forecast. If he comes home shivering, be sure not to lecture. Instead, sympathize with the fact that it must have been colder than he imagined. Gradually, he'll take responsibility for his own choices instead of blaming you when things go wrong. <br />
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7. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is not something you, your spouse, or your youngster has chosen. So take time for things that will relieve stress (e.g., exercise, have lunch with a supportive friend, watch funny movies, etc.), and treat your husband or wife as your ally. Go out together and talk about anything but your Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster. Although Oppositional Defiant Disorder does put a youngster at risk for more serious future difficulty, it is a problem that can be resolved by moms and dads who may work collaboratively with therapists and the youngster's educators.<br />
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8. Rules have no value unless they are backed up by swift consequences. Oppositional Defiant Disorder children can make this difficult. They often provoke moms and dads into escalating consequences. If you say, "You're grounded this evening," and your youngster replies, "I don’t care" ...it's very tempting to respond by upping the ante. You might angrily threaten, "Well, then make it a week." Remember that such a reaction will only inflame things. Instead, stick to consequences that are fair and dispassionately enforced. <br />
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9. Unlike typical kids who usually pick up essential social skills, Oppositional Defiant Disorder children need them to be spelled out again and again. <br />
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10. Oppositional Defiant Disorder children don't readily comply, so the more requests you issue, the more the opportunities for the youngster to get stuck. Divide the things you want your Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster to do into three categories:</div>
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<li>Category #1 holds a few mandatory rules, which are usually about safety (e.g., wear your seat belt in the car; siblings can't hit each other; no using drugs, etc.).</li>
<li>Category #2 holds issues on which you are willing to negotiate when you think your youngster is able to do so. </li>
<li>Category #3 includes rules that aren't worth bothering with until your youngster can handle frustration. </li>
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Every parent will put different behaviors in different categories. Using profanity, for example, is a category #2 issue for some moms and dads, and an <i>ignore-it-for-now</i> issue for others. Only work on one or two high priority behaviors at a time.<br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Parenting Children and Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</b></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">Comments:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… THANK YOU, THANK YOU, THANK YOU! This fits both of my boys to a T and helps clarify how we should be parenting.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… Omg. Thank you for this. It has been a struggle for me but I am certain this is my child to the exact. He has already been diagnose with ADHD since age of 6. Je is 8 now and the behavior and bad language is awful.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… I need a oppositional defiance disorder spouse article. Please!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… Wow,my child will be evaluated for this soon. $800 before ins??? He's also been evaluated for ADHD. His Dad (my ex) believes in "the belt" and told me when my son comes to my place tomorrow to spank him 6 times for the word respect. Our son is 8 and was disrespectful to a substitute teacher today. Our sons behavior has been going on since age 4 or 5. Often he is an enjoyable child, the behavior is mostly at school interfering with learning. Corporal punishment not my form or discipline.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… So sad your son has to deal with his dad and his back in the day beliefs (the belt) for bad behavior. Don't you worry about this punishment when he goes with his dad? I wouldn't like the idea of my son coming home from his dads, with a nice blue mark from my ex's belt. This is sick. I'd report him to child & youth services in your area. He shouldn't go with his dad, until his dad changes his discipline method. There's other means of discipline, not "the belt". </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… It's sick to whoop your son with a belt I'm sorry but the Bible specifically instructs us spare the rod and spoil the child I understand that there's more modern behavioral techniques of dealing with a rebellious child but I used to get my butt whooped by my stepdad and I'll tell you I was on my best behavior the majority of the time with the fear of the belt in mind. Reporting them to Child Services is a bit extreme may be having a talk about methodologies would be in order before you take such Extreme measures. And all day the belt mate maybe an old school way of dealing with it but that person almost invariably got that from their parents and it's hard to break life-long habits.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Anonymous said… I don't always think of it quickly enough but the idea of trading a tidy bedroom for favour really works. My Aspie teenage son is dreadful at getting up in the college holidays. So I relate this directly with things he wants, like pop and sweets that day or a lift to his girlfriends. I'm trying to impress that favours go both ways.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Post your comment below…</i></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-47795027402352094292012-06-15T12:08:00.003-04:002022-04-30T11:38:22.848-04:00ODD Children Who Hit Their Parents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The first thing a mother or father should realize is that <i>aggressive behavior is common</i> in children with <b>Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)</b>. The young child suffering from ODD simply lacks the maturity to hold back his impulse to hit or kick. He may actually know that hitting is wrong, but can't control himself in the middle of his anger and frustration.</div>
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Anger and frustration are major issues for ODD kids. When the defiant youngster gets angry, he is expressing his utter frustration at the lack of control that he has over his world. Something happens that deeply troubles him, but he lacks the tools to express his frustration appropriately. This further frustrates him, and he explodes in anger. He may strike at parents with the only tool at his disposal – by hitting.</div>
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Growing up is hard work. Many times, kids who face mental health issues and are under a lot of stress go through an aggressive phase. This can be because they have less energy for self-control, or because the stressful event just pushes them over the edge and makes every little inconvenience seem so much bigger. The result is that such a youngster is more likely to resort to hitting.</div>
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<i>Reasons ODD children resort to hitting:</i></div>
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1. To get attention: Your youngster needs your attention. Normally he would prefer to get it in a positive way. However, negative attention is better than nothing. An ODD youngster who is frequently ignored may quickly discover that he becomes center stage when he fights and hits others. If parents react strongly to their youngster’s violent behavior, they may be fueling a lot of future problems. Reacting strongly to negative behavior encourages the youngster to continue behaving badly.</div>
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2. To feel in control: We all need to feel like we have control of the world around us, and ODD kids are no exception. However, this youngster has very little control over what happens to him. Often hitting is his way of trying to control some aspect of his world. It can be his form of self-assertion.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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<i>What can parents do?</i></div>
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1. First of all, acknowledge your youngster's feelings. ODD kids hit because they can't communicate their feelings. When you acknowledge your youngster's feelings, you eliminate this reason for hitting. You can say something like, "You must be very disappointed that I won't let you do _______." This doesn’t mean you are giving in, but it will remove one of the causes of his anger by showing him you understand his feelings. It is alright for your youngster to feel angry. What you want to teach him is to express anger in ways other than hitting.</div>
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2. Be a good role model. ODD kids are much more likely to hit if they see their mom or dad hitting someone. If you are concerned about aggressive behavior in your youngster, then your youngster should not see you use spanking as a form of punishment. That means if you choose to spank another youngster, you should do it privately and in a way your aggressive ODD youngster does not see or know about it.</div>
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3. For most ODD kids, violent behavior is just a stage. Sooner or later, they grow out of it. Your job as a parent is to understand the cause of your youngster's hitting. When you know this, you can begin to help your youngster express himself in more appropriate ways.</div>
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4. Limit exposure to aggression. You should keep your ODD son or daughter from seeing aggressive images on television, in movies, books, video games, toys, etc.</div>
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5. Pay attention to your youngster's daily cycles. Is there a particular time of day that aggressive behavior increases? If your youngster loses control before dinner or after school, it may just be a sign that he is hungry. Healthy snacks like nuts, vegetables and fruits may take care of the problem. Does your youngster hit when he’s tired? Then quiet time might be the answer. If you pay attention to what is happening in your youngster's world, then you may find an easy solution to his aggressive behavior.</div>
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6. Redirect your child to another activity. Parents can get their ODD youngster to stop hitting by giving him another outlet to express his frustration. For example, parents might be able to channel the child’s desire to hit by giving him something appropriate to strike (e.g., a punching bag, doll or stuffed animal). One mother chose to teach her ODD youngster who had a biting problem to bite a doll.</div>
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7. Review the incident. After the crisis has passed, go back over the incident and talk it over with your youngster when he is calm and rational. Make lists of what might work when he gets angry or when there is something you need to tell him that he won't like. Now you are ready. When the next episode takes place, you can remind your youngster of your earlier conversation. For example, "You are getting upset again... remember what you and I have talked about? We wrote this down. We agreed that the next time you got mad about something, you agreed you would ________ (insert redirecting activity) instead of hitting me."</div>
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8. Teach communication through language. It is very healthy for an ODD youngster to learn to use words to express negative emotions. Teach him to say things like, "I am really angry right now!" or "I am starting to feel like hitting you right now!" Once the youngster can express his feelings in a more direct and mature way, the hitting will slowly stop.</div>
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9. Teach that hitting is wrong. Even though your youngster may not be old enough to help himself, it is important that he knows that aggressive behavior is wrong. ODD kids don't know automatically that hitting is wrong. This is something they have to be taught. When your youngster tries to hit you, grab his hands firmly, look him in the eyes and say something like, "You are not allowed to hit your mother."</div>
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10. Be patient with your defiant child as he learns less violent ways to express his anger and frustration.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-11198992714102244282012-05-25T14:20:00.002-04:002019-07-12T09:15:48.453-04:00Parenting Tips for Defiant 3-Year-Olds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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As exasperating as her behavior is, your 3-year-old’s defiance is really about her asserting herself. While a 3-year-old defies her mom and dad because she's caught up in the excitement of her autonomy, a 3-year-old is likely to be reacting to something. When your youngster doesn't comply with a request you've made, what she's really saying is, "I don't like your rules."<br />
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When this happens (and it will — often), don't be harsh, but do be assertive and consistent. This lets your 3-year-old know that you have established rules that she has to follow, and that mom and dad are in charge. Most 3-year-olds understand the concept of rules, so take time to explain to your youngster what they are and why they're important. Explain, too, what will happen if she breaks them. Be specific (e.g., "If you go into the street, you'll have to play inside for the rest of the day"). Also, enlist your child’s suggestions, because she'll be more apt to cooperate if she helps determine the consequences for particular actions.</div>
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No two kids are alike. Thinking about the following questions can help you adapt and apply the information below to your unique 3-year-old:</div>
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<li>How do you respond when your youngster is being defiant? What works? What doesn’t? What can you learn from this? </li>
<li>What does your youngster tend to be most oppositional about? What, if anything, do these things have in common? </li>
<li>Why do you think these issues bring out your youngster's "oppositional" side? How can this understanding help you help your youngster cope better? </li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Parenting Tips for Defiant 3-Year-Olds:</i></span><br />
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1. As much as possible, reward good behavior rather than punishing misbehavior. 3-year-olds respond well to positive reinforcement (e.g., charts and stickers), so use them liberally. Say your youngster gets out of bed every night, though you've repeatedly told him that he has to stay there after he's tucked in. Instead of chastising him for getting up, reward him with a sticker on a cheery chart each night that he complies. At the end of a successful week, treat him to a small toy or a trip to the park. Of course, you can't make charts (or even put your foot down) about every little thing. But when your 3-year-old really is being defiant, it's vital to let him know — firmly and calmly — who's in charge.<br />
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2. Avoid giving in. If you give in to tantrums, your youngster learns that if he pushes hard enough, he’ll get what he wants. This will also make it more difficult for you the next time you try to enforce a limit. <br />
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3. Avoid the “Okay?” pitfall. “Let's go to bed now, okay?” …or… “Time to get dressed, okay?” Although this is a very common way that adults communicate, it is confusing for young kids. They take your question at face value and think they have a choice to say, “No, I really would rather not go to bed right now.” This can create unnecessary power struggles. Be sure to communicate what is and isn’t a choice very clearly.<br />
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4. Engage your youngster’s imagination. For a youngster refusing to go to bed, you might something like, “Elmo is so tired. He wants to go to sleep and wants you to cuddle with him.” Or, for a youngster refusing to clean up, you might say something like: “Our favorite books want to go back on the shelf with their friends. Let's a have a race to see how fast we can get them back up there.” <br />
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5. Give kids a warning before a transition needs to be made. You can use a kitchen timer so they can actually see and track the time. Making a poster of pictures that show the steps in your daily routines can be very useful as well. For example, pictures of tooth-brushing, face washing, reading, and then bed will show kids what they can expect to happen next. Give some concrete cues about transitions (e.g., “Three more times down the slide before it’s time to go”). It’s very important to then follow through on your limit. <br />
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6. Ignoring the behaviors you want to eliminate is the fastest way to be rid of them. The only exception to this rule is if your youngster is being physically hurtful—hitting, slapping, punching, and so on—in which case you calmly but firmly stop the behavior and explain that he can feel mad but he cannot hit. <br />
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7. Offer a few choices. “Do you want to put your pajamas on before or after we read books?” Or, “Do you want to put your pajamas on or should mommy put them on for you?” You might also give a choice between two pairs of pajamas that he might want to wear. Giving choices offers kids a chance to feel in control in positive ways. Giving choices can actually reduce defiance. <br />
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8. Set limits. “It is time for bed now. You need to sleep so your body can get some rest and grow big and strong.” Use language your youngster understands. Keep it short and clear, but non-threatening.<br />
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9. Think about your own behaviors: Could you be sending mixed messages to your youngster? Sometimes our own choices and behavior as moms and dads can influence our kid's behaviors.<br />
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10. Think prevention. Anticipate the kinds of situations that lead to defiance from your youngster and help him problem solve and cope in advance. This might mean letting your 3-year-old know that you understand leaving the house to go to child care is difficult for him, and then offering him the choice of a book or toy to bring in the car to help him make the transition.<br />
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11. Use humor. This is a great way to take some of the intensity out of the situation and throw a monkey wrench into a power struggle. You might try to pull your youngster’s pajama bottoms over your head, or see if they fit onto her favorite stuffed animal. <br />
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12. Validate your youngster’s feelings. As moms and dads, we often skip this step and go right to setting the limit. But acknowledging a youngster’s feelings first is very important as it lets her know you understand where she’s coming from, and that her feelings matter. Keep in mind that it’s not the youngster’s feelings that are the problem, rather it’s what the youngster does with her feelings that is often the challenge. Labeling your 3-year-old’s feelings also helps her learn to be aware of her emotions and, eventually, to manage them. Keep language simple and direct (e.g., “I know you don’t want to put your pajamas on. It’s difficult to go from playtime to bedtime”). When you skip this “validation” step, kids often “pump up the volume” to show you—louder, harder, and stronger—just how upset they are.<br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.myoutofcontrolteen.com/ODD-child.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</b></a></span> </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-9503907891191237782012-05-18T12:46:00.003-04:002022-04-30T11:38:57.965-04:00Effective Disciplinary Strategies for Children and Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The term “discipline” refers generally to the practices that parents use to teach their kids rules of conduct and to enforce those rules. Disciplinary practices for children and teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) include: (a) creation and discussion of rules and expectations, (b) reminders of rules, (c) positive consequences for adhering to rules, and (d) negative consequences for breaking rules. In discussions with children, rules can be referred to as “expectations.” <br />
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<i>Experts describe at least four different approaches to discipline:</i></div>
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<b>1. Inductive Discipline Style:</b> The term “inductive discipline” is commonly used by psychologists to refer to the most effective type of parental discipline of kids. Inductive or positive discipline is designed to avoid power struggles, arbitrary use of parental authority, and other forms of negative interaction around discipline. This approach to discipline is often associated with “authoritative parenting,” which is the positive middle ground between extreme permissiveness on one side, and extreme arbitrariness or “authoritarian parenting” on the other. <br />
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“Authoritative” moms and dads maintain their proper role as their youngster’s authority figure, but also discuss and negotiate with their kids and turn over decision making to kids when it is proper to do so. When kids behave in ways that are considered positive, they receive positive reinforcement and the reason for the reinforcement is clearly explained. For example, “Jake, you’ve done a great job of keeping your room neat and your things in order. That means that I don’t have to nag or spend time cleaning up after you. That saves me time, so we can go to the movies.” Or in the case of negative behavior: “Jake, your room is a mess after you told me you would clean it up. Now we’re both going to have to spend extra time getting your room ready for guests. So we won’t be able to go to the movies. That’s what happens when you don’t do the little things that you promise to do.”<br />
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Moms and dads who use inductive or positive discipline also listen to their kids and invite them to explain why they did what they did. Discussion is frequent. Moms and dads are understanding, but also consistent in their enforcement of the important rules of the house.<br />
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Because of the clear explanations, ODD kids come to understand that there are clear rules for them to follow, good reasons for the rules, and natural and logical consequences that follow behavior that is consistent with the rules and or that is in violation of the rules. When homes are organized around inductive or positive discipline with more positive reinforcement than consequence, kids recognize the orderly organization of life around them and develop better self-regulation than kids who do not receive inductive discipline. Kids who are raised in these homes tend to have better self-regulation later in childhood and adolescence than kids whose moms and dads rely on less positive styles of parenting. In effect, kids “internalize” reasonable rules of conduct and their rationale, and they come to use these principles as their own decision-making system. Kids develop positive self-regulation in part because they have lived in a world that is organized and predictable, including well understood rules of conduct.<br />
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<b>2. Deductive Discipline Style:</b> In homes characterized by “deductive discipline,” rules are created and then enforced by moms and dads with consequences and rewards. The youngster is expected to “deduce” or figure out the rules by seeing how his behavior is rewarded or punished. There are few clear explanations given for rewards or consequences. Although enforcement might be consistent, consequence may come to be seen by the youngster as arbitrary, rather than a natural and logical consequence of violating a clearly understood rule. Power struggles may be common.<br />
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<b>3. Arbitrary Consequence Style:</b> In homes that use arbitrary consequence, moms and dads discipline their kids in ways that are not clearly related to any rules or standards. Often consequence is physical. A consequence can be imposed for whatever reason the parent decides on the spot is a good reason for the consequence. There is no consistency or obvious standard. Rules and standards are not discussed with the kids. There is little negotiation or respect for youngster decision making. Kids are confused about what they are supposed to do and come to fear their moms and dads. Power struggles or other forms of parent-child conflict are common. <br />
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This type of discipline is usually associated with poor child outcomes and, in particular, poorly self-regulated kids. If a physical consequence is used, the lesson learned by kids is to use physical power over others if you are bigger than they are. Peer relations are often poor among kids who come from homes in which a physical consequence is used.<br />
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<b>4. Permissive Style:</b> In contrast to homes in which arbitrary consequence is used frequently, permissive homes are characterized by very few rules and few disciplinary practices. Kid’s choices, including impulsive behaviors, are largely respected and accepted. Few boundaries are placed around the youngster’s behavior. Although on the surface, this may appear to be a “child-centered” home, the kids may not experience the regularity and organization they need to learn how to think for themselves and make good decisions. Because there are no boundaries, the kids may feel insecure and confused. ODD kids develop positive self-regulation in part because they have lived in a world that is organized and predictable, including well understood rules of conduct.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">DISCIPLINE FOR ODD CHILDREN AND TEENS</span><br />
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1. When it comes to parenting ODD children and teens, it is critical to focus primary effort on preventing negative behavior rather than reacting to that negative behavior. This is common sense when dealing with toddlers who are famous for being impulsive. Moms and dads try hard to “child proof” the environment so that they do not have to spend their days reacting to the difficulties that an impulsive toddler will inevitably get into. Many kids with ODD, ADHD, and other diagnoses are like toddlers with respect to impulsiveness. Thus prevention is the key.<br />
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2. When ODD children behave in ways that are difficult to live with, it is easy to fall into the trap of attending only to the negative behavior. But even children with severe behavior problems act in acceptable ways some of the time. It is critical to pay attention to positive behavior, call attention to it, and reward it with praise or some other reward. Otherwise the child will learn that he only comes to the attention of parents when misbehaving, and may also develop a sense of personal identity associated with negative behavior. This can easily create a cycle of negative behavior followed by negative consequences, breeding more negative behavior, and so on. Moms and dads should work to create opportunities for positive behavior, which can then be highlighted and rewarded.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b><br />
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3. At home and at school, the rules and expectations should be very clear. They may need to be posted and reminders may need to be frequent. Written reminders in a child’s organizer and reminders to review these notes are often necessary. There may need to be frequent review and discussion of the reasons for the rules. These discussions should take place when the child and parents are calm rather than during a time of behavioral crisis. <br />
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4. Complete consistency in implementing behavior or discipline programs from person to person, from and time to time, and across parents and educators is a desirable goal, but fraught with limitations and sure to lead to frustration. However, it is important for all parents and educators to “be on the same page” with respect to rules, their implementation, and consequences for violations. Substantial inconsistencies will likely lead to increased behavior problems.<br />
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5. ODD children should have a clear understanding of why specific rules exist and why specific consequences are associated with violations. These discussions should occur during periods of calm, not during a behavioral crisis, and should be available in written format for the child to use as a cue in future task assignments.<br />
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6. Many children with ODD do not learn efficiently from the consequences of their behavior. Therefore, their behavior management plans are primarily focused on antecedent (advance) supports to prevent negative behavior. Nevertheless, when they do behave in negative ways, there should be consequences so that the child learns that certain behaviors are followed by specific consequences. These consequences may not modify the behavior, but at least the child learns about how the world works. Ideally these consequences are naturally and logically related to the behavior so that they make sense to the child. For example, if a child trashes his room, a natural and logical consequence is to have him clean it up. It is not a natural and logical consequence, for example, to be forced to sit in the corner for an hour.<br />
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7. When it is necessary to discipline an ODD youngster, this should be done calmly and quickly with the youngster removed from other kids. There should be no conflict over who is in control. The focus is on rule violation only. Parents must choose their battles wisely so that they know that they will successfully administer discipline if it is required.<br />
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8. When the child AND the parent are extremely upset, it is not the time to administer any consequences. Under these emotionally charged circumstances, the net effect of a consequence is to increase anger, not to learn anything. The goal when ODD children are in crisis or emotionally upset is simply to end the crisis and reduce the emotionality of the situation without anybody getting hurt. Thus, the most immediate action is to remove the child from the environment or stop the environmental stimulation. The time to discuss the consequences of negative behavior is later when the child is calm. Again, prevention is the key to minimizing aggressive or angry outbursts.<br />
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9. When a child engages in negative behavior as a result of neurologically-based impulsiveness, lack of initiation, inability to recall the appropriate response, or reduced “reading” of social cues and situations, moms and dads must first understand the source of the difficulty. However, understanding is not the same as excusing. Inexcusable behavior is inexcusable even if it is in part a product of the child’s neurological difficulties. Rather than excusing behavior, moms and dads should redouble their efforts to help the child avoid the negative behavior in the future. <br />
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10. In a classroom or home, rules should be formulated positively, in terms of what parents and teachers want the children “to do” versus what they want them “to avoid.” For example: </div>
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<li>“Be sure to put your dirty dishes in the dishwasher” -- versus -- “Don’t leave your dirty dishes in the living room!”</li>
<li>“Pack you back pack the night before and be ready for your bus” -- versus -- “Don’t dawdle in the morning”</li>
<li>“Say goodbye and leave quietly, please” -- versus -- “Don’t bang the door when you leave!”</li>
<li>“Speak nicely to your little sister” -- versus -- “Don’t yell at your sister!”</li>
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<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-87171755583700917282012-05-04T10:51:00.003-04:002022-04-30T11:39:14.528-04:00Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Biology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><b>Is the cause of Oppositional Defiant Disorder biological?</b></i></div>
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There appears to be no single cause that produces Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD); however, researchers do agree that there is a strong genetic and biological influence involved.</div>
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Research suggests that behavioral problems in ODD kids may occur as the result of defects in - or injuries to - the brain.</div>
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder is associated with abnormal amounts of neurotransmitters (i.e., chemicals that enhance communication among neurons in the brain). If these chemicals are out of balance or not working properly, messages may not make it through the brain correctly, leading to symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and other mental illnesses. </div>
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Other biological factors found in those diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is (1) a difficult temperament, (2) above normal levels of testosterone, and (3) low physiological arousal (i.e., under-arousal) in response to stimulation.</div>
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Several theories have tried to explain why under-arousal may be associated with increased behavior problems. Some researchers suggest that under-arousal results in sensation-seeking and perhaps in disruptive behaviors to maintain optimal arousal. Others have suggested that the under-arousal results in an under-reaction of guilt or anxiety, which in turn would inhibit these behaviors in typically developed children. A third theory suggests that both under-arousal and aggressive behaviors are results of deficiencies in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex, limiting the child’s reasoning, foresight, and ability to learn from experience.</div>
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Many kids and adolescents with ODD also have other mental illnesses (e.g., ADHD, learning disorders, depression, anxiety disorder), which may contribute to their behavior problems.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-62154429187634698552012-04-27T10:58:00.004-04:002022-04-30T11:39:37.908-04:00Parenting Kids with ODD: The Do's and Don'ts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The best way to treat a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) involves behavior management techniques, using a consistent approach to discipline, and following through with positive reinforcement of appropriate behaviors.</div>
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<i>Here are the Do’s and Don’ts:</i><br />
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<b>Do's—</b><br />
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1. Do apply established consequences immediately, fairly and consistently. Be consistent and set down specific rules, because changing the rules mid-stream can be confusing to the ODD youngster. Be sure that BOTH parents are on-board with the same rules.<br />
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2. Do explain why you are disciplining the ODD youngster. Kids need not only to understand what they did wrong – but why it was wrong and what they should have done right. This also needs to be conveyed to them in a way that they will grasp. This allows the youngster to grow and not just stop the immediate behavior that is in front of you.<br />
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3. Do limit the time ODD kids can watch television, play video games, and listen to music. Sticking to these rules allows time for the kids to think on their own and to use their creativity.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b><br />
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4. Do think about how the consequence will affect you and the rest of the family. If you have a youngster who likes to control you or others in the family, choose consequences carefully. Be sure that the consequence ONLY affects the youngster who misbehaved and not anyone else. Do not say, "We are not going until you clean your room." </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you are going somewhere he wants to go, this threat may work. If he does not want to go, you have just given the youngster a lot of power. No one can go until the room is clean. You are giving this youngster control over the entire family! What do you do with a youngster who is not permitted to go somewhere with the rest of the family? Get a baby-sitter and then go and have a good time. Your youngster will learn that his misbehavior will not prevent the family from having fun.<br />
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<b>Dont's—</b><br />
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1. Don’t allow electronics to become a babysitter for your ODD youngster. Moms and dads often wonder how to take TV privileges from one youngster. If they have to shut off the TV, the other kids will be punished too. That's true. Do not shut the TV off because one youngster is restricted. That punishes everyone. Watch TV as usual. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The youngster who is being disciplined should go in another room WITHOUT TV or games. If no one can watch TV because he/she cannot watch TV, you are giving your youngster control over the entire family. Who is being punished?<br />
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2. Don’t play "Let’s Make a Deal" with the ODD youngster, "If you clean your room, you can go to the movies tonight." Too many moms and dads use this approach to get the youngster to do something, and bargaining becomes a way of life. The mother or father is constantly caught in a struggle to make the deal. Instead, enforce predetermined consequences and apply intermittent reinforcement for good behavior. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A reinforcer is anything that the youngster likes or desires. Examples of reinforcers can include praise, spending quality time together, or going to a movie to name a few. Once you have issued a rule or instruction, you shouldn’t back down. The primary rule is that the youngster must obey the parent!<br />
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3. Don't allow the youngster to manipulate you. Kids with ODD are very cunning at getting their own way.<br />
<br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">BEST COMMENT:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Thank you very very much! My 3.5 yr old son wants to control me and his elder brother as well. Nowadays he becomes too much obstinate several times. Even though he is not vindictive and he is quite good a boy when he is not angry , I am afraid if his illogical anger or his intention to find out some reasons to be angry is a sign of O D D anyway!</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-17631036105579603262012-04-13T10:44:00.002-04:002022-04-30T11:40:02.805-04:00What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)</b> is specifically a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others. Diagnostic criteria for this disorder state that this pattern must include at least three of the following specific signs and symptoms:</div>
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• A lack of feeling guilty about wrong-doing</div>
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• Disregard for personal safety or the safety of others</div>
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• Failure to think or plan ahead</div>
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• Lack of conforming to laws, as evidenced by repeatedly committing crimes</div>
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• Persistent lack of taking responsibility, such as failing to establish a pattern of good work habits or keeping financial obligations</div>
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• Repeated deceitfulness in relationships with others, such as lying, using false names, or conning others for profit or pleasure</div>
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• Tendency to irritability, anger, and aggression, as shown by repeatedly assaulting others or getting into frequent physical fights</div>
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Other important characteristics of this disorder include the following:</div>
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• it can’t be diagnosed if the individual only shows symptoms of APD at the same time they are suffering from schizophrenia or when having a manic episode</div>
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• it isn’t diagnosed in kids younger than 18 years of age, but the affected individual must have shown symptoms of this diagnosis at least since 15 years of age</div>
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• it tends to occur in about 1% of females and 3% of males in the United States</div>
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What is the difference between Antisocial Personality Disorder and psychopathy?</div>
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In contrast, psychopathy, although not a mental health disorder formally recognized by the American Psychiatric Association, is considered to be a more severe form of APD. Specifically, in order to be considered a psychopath, the person must experience a lack of remorse of guilt about their actions in addition to demonstrating antisocial behaviors. While 50%-80% of incarcerated people have been found to have APD, only 15% have been shown to have the more severe APD-type of psychopathy.</div>
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Psychopaths (also called sociopaths) tend to be highly suspicious or paranoid, even in comparison to people with APD. The implications of this suspicious stance can be dire, in that paranoid thoughts tend to lead the psychopathic individual to interpret all aggressive behaviors toward them, even those that are justified, as being arbitrary and unfair. A televised case study of a psychopath provided a vivid illustration of the resulting psychopathic anger. Specifically, the criminal featured in the story apparently abducted a female and sexually abused her over the course of a number of days in an attempt to prove to investigating authorities that his step-daughter's allegations that he sexually abused her were false.</div>
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What causes Antisocial Personality Disorder?</div>
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One of the most frequently asked questions about APD is whether or not it is genetic. Many wonder if it is hereditary. If this were the case, kids of antisocial parents would be highly expected to become antisocial themselves, whether or not they live with the antisocial mother/father. Fortunately, people are just not that simple. Like all personality disorders, and also most mental disorders, APD tends to be the result of a combination of biologic/genetic and environmental factors.</div>
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Although there are no clear biological causes for this disorder, research on the possible biologic risk factors for developing APD indicates that the part of the brain that is primarily responsible for learning from one's mistakes and for responding to sad and fearful facial expressions tends to be smaller and respond less robustly to the happy, sad, or fearful facial expressions of others. That lack of response may have something to do with the lack of empathy that antisocial people tend to have with the feelings, rights, and suffering of others. While some people may be more vulnerable to developing APD as a result of their particular genetic background, that is thought to be a factor only when the individual is also exposed to life events (e.g., abuse or neglect) that tend to put the person at risk for development of the disorder. Similarly, while there are some theories about the role of PMS and other hormonal fluctuations in the development of antisocial personality disorder, the disorder can, so far, not be explained as the direct result of such abnormalities.</div>
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Other conditions that are thought to be risk factors for APD include:</div>
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• a reading disorder</div>
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• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</div>
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• conduct disorder</div>
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• substance abuse</div>
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Individuals who experience a temporary or permanent brain dysfunction (also called organic brain damage) are at risk for developing violent or otherwise criminal behaviors. Theories regarding the life experiences that put individuals at risk for APD provide important clues for its prevention. Examples of such life experiences include:</div>
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• a history of childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse</div>
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• a parent who is either antisocial or alcoholic</div>
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• associating with peers who engage in antisocial behavior</div>
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• deprivation or abandonment</div>
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• neglect</div>
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How is Antisocial Personality Disorder diagnosed?</div>
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There is no specific definitive test (e.g., blood test) that can accurately assess whether an individual has APD. Professionals conduct a mental-health interview that looks for the presence of the symptoms previously described. Due to the use of a mental-health interview in making the diagnosis and the fact that this disorder can be quite resistant to treatment, it is important that the professional know to assess the symptoms in the context of the person’s culture so that particular individual is not assessed as having APD when he/she doesn’t. Unfortunately, research shows that many professionals lack the knowledge, experience, and sometimes the willingness to factor cultural context into their assessments.</div>
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What are the treatments for Antisocial Personality Disorder?</div>
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While it can be quite resistant to change, research shows there are a number of effective treatments for this condition. For example, teens who receive therapy that helps them change the thinking that leads to their maladaptive behavior has been found to significantly decrease the incidence of repeat antisocial behaviors.</div>
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On the other hand, attempting to treat APD like other conditions is not often effective. For example, programs that have tried to use a purely reflective approach to treating depression or eating disorders in individuals with APD often worsen rather than improve outcomes in those persons. In those cases, a combination of firm - but fair - programming that emphasizes teaching people with APD the skills that can be used to live independently and productively within the rules and limits of society has been more effective.</div>
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While medications don’t directly treat the behaviors that characterize APD, they can be useful in addressing conditions that co-occur with this condition. Specifically, depressed or anxious people who also have APD may benefit from antidepressants, and those who exhibit impulsive anger may improve when given mood stabilizers.</div>
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What happens if Antisocial Personality Disorder is not treated?</div>
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Some societal costs of APD (e.g., the suffering endured by victims of the crimes committed by individuals with this disorder) are clear. However, when individuals with APD are the charismatic leaders of religious cults, the devastation they can create is often not known unless and until a catastrophe results (e.g., the mass suicide that occurred at the command of the Reverend Jim Jones in Guyana in 1978).</div>
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People who suffer from APD have a higher risk of abusing alcohol and other drugs and repeatedly committing crimes. Imprisonment is a potential consequence. Individuals with APD are also vulnerable to the following:</div>
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• dying from homicide, suicide, or accident</div>
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• having other personality disorders (e.g., borderline and narcissistic personality disorder)</div>
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• mood problems (e.g., major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder) </div>
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• self-mutilation and other forms of self-harm</div>
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APD tends to make virtually any other condition more problematic and difficult to treat. Having APD makes people who also have a substance abuse problem more difficult to help abstain from alcohol or other drug use. Individuals who have both APD and schizophrenia are less likely to comply with treatment programs and are more likely to remain in an institution like prison or a hospital. These risks become magnified if APD is not treated. Statistics indicate that many individuals with APD experience a remission of symptoms by the time they reach 50 years of age.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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Antisocial Personality Disorder Summary—</div>
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• A personality disorder (PD) is a persistent pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that is significantly different from what is considered normal within the person's own culture.</div>
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• Although APD can be quite resistant to treatment, the most effective interventions tend to be a combination of firm but fair programming that emphasizes teaching APD people skills that can be used to live independently and productively within the rules and limits of society.</div>
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• APD is likely the result of a combination of biologic/genetic and environmental factors.</div>
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• APD is specifically a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others and may include symptoms such as breaking laws, frequent lying, starting fights, lack of guilt and taking personal responsibility, and the presence of irritability and impulsivity.</div>
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• Diagnoses often associated with APD include substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and reading disorders.</div>
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• If untreated, individuals with APD are at risk for developing or worsening a myriad of other mental disorders. APD individuals are also at risk for self-mutilation or dying from homicide or suicide.</div>
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• Many individuals with APD experience a remission of symptoms by the time they reach 50 years of age.</div>
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• Personality disorders are grouped into clusters A, B, and C based on the dominating symptoms.</div>
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• Psychopaths tend to be highly suspicious or paranoid, even in comparison to people with APD, which tends to lead the psychopathic person to interpret all aggressive behaviors toward them as being arbitrary and unfair.</div>
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• Psychopathy is considered to be a more severe form of APD. Specifically, in order to be considered a psychopath, the person must experience a lack of remorse or guilt about their actions in addition to demonstrating antisocial behaviors.</div>
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• Research indicates ethnic minorities tend to be falsely diagnosed as having antisocial personality disorder, inappropriately resulting in less treatment and more punishment for those people.</div>
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• Since there is no specific definitive test that can accurately assess the presence of APD, professionals conduct a mental-health interview that looks for the presence of antisocial symptoms. If the cultural context of the symptoms is not considered, APD is often falsely diagnosed as being present.</div>
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• Some theories about the biological risk factors for APD include dysfunction of certain genes, hormones, or parts of the brain.</div>
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• Theories regarding the life experiences that put individuals at risk for APD include a history of childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; neglect, deprivation, or abandonment; associating with friends who engage in antisocial behavior; or having a mother or father who is either antisocial or alcoholic.</div>
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• While medications do not directly treat the behaviors that characterize antisocial personality disorder, they can be useful in addressing conditions like depression, anxiety, and mood swings that co-occur with this condition.</div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-67147564892654916452012-04-06T15:06:00.004-04:002022-08-24T09:43:10.766-04:00Parenting Oppositional Defiant Children and Teens: How to Pick Your Battles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What's often tricky in parenting a defiant youngster is figuring out the "is this worth fighting for?" part – especially if you have to think fast. Defiant kids and teens often make a “game” out of getting into battles with their moms and dads, and if the parent gets tricked into playing this game, she finds herself in an endless stream of warfare. </div>
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So, how can you avoid fighting every battle and save your time and energy for the ones worth fighting for? Here are some important tips for knowing which battles to fight – and which ones to let go of:</div>
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1. Ask yourself, “Will this battle fight itself?” There are some things that will get addressed by default – and you can stay totally out of it (which saves you from being the “bad guy”). For example, you may be tempted to continue to battle with your defiant child over his poor teeth-brushing habits, even when the two of you have had many past battles over this issue to no avail. Instead, give a final warning: “If you continue to neglect your teeth, you will get a cavity, which will result in a painful toothache and a trip to the dentist.” Then, let go of it. You tried. He will have to learn the hard way. </div>
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2. Ask yourself, “Can I live with it?” If something your teenager wants to do isn't going to hurt anyone and won't make you terribly unhappy, then let her do it. Say, for example, "Getting your hair dyed pink is not something I would have done as a teenager, but if it makes a statement, then go for it.”</div>
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3. Ask yourself, “Is this battle worth fighting?” Maybe the crumbs on the floor and the toothpaste all over the sink aren't worth fighting over, but the toy throwing and TV obsession need to be addressed. If it helps, you can make a list of what you can tolerate and what you can't.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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4. Ask yourself, “When my child leaves the nest, what values do I want her to take away?” Those values are your “non-negotiable” items. Those issues are the ones to talk about most. Those are also ones she is most likely to adopt if you explain why you deem them essential. Remember, moms and dads who raise moral children don’t do so by accident. Be intentional! Explain your beliefs. Don’t deviate from what matters most.</div>
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5. Adolescents need their privacy. Just as you’re not going to share everything about your life, they won’t either. So let your adolescent know that you will honor her privacy. No reading her diary or going through her drawers. But those rules are immediately broken if you have any founded concern (i.e., a probable cause) that your adolescent’s safety is in jeopardy (e.g., drugs, illegal activities, suicidal thoughts, etc.). Be concerned if your adolescent becomes suddenly secretive or withdrawn or shows unusual amounts of anger or aggression. Then pick those locks and strip-search that room. </div>
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6. Choose rules that work for you. Rules can be arbitrary but they are essential to sanity and safety. In some households, kids only eat in the kitchen. In others, kids go to sleep at 7:00. There will never be universal rules for all kids in all homes. But every home needs a few time-honored rules.</div>
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7. Engage in diplomacy. Your 5th grader wants to walk to school alone. You may not feel it is safe, but rather than argue, see if you can come up with a compromise that lets him save face, such as driving him to a point a couple blocks away from school and letting him walk from there.</div>
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8. It's important to note that there are certain developmental stages at which children naturally assert their need for independence and individuality (e.g., by dressing like a circus freak). It helps to view the push-back as less about defying you and more about saying "I gotta be me!"</div>
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9. Keep your family-values list to a reasonable handful. If it's way long, you're going to be fighting a lot. It might feel like your defiant teenager is carrying a sign that says “I reject every decent thing my mom and dad tried to teach me” when she leaves the house wearing jeans with holes in the knees, a lip piercing, and gothic make-up that is caked-on so thick she looks like Alice Copper. But when it comes down to it, chances are “I want my daughter to dress in the clothing I think looks nice” wouldn't make your list of core values. </div>
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10. Refer back to the house-rules. Whatever house-rules you have already established should be reinforced. No ifs, ands or buts about it. Minor infractions that can be part of a larger house-rule should be a battle worth picking. So if one of your house-rules is "No Cussing," then you have a point of reference by telling your youngster, "I said no cussing. That's against house-rules."</div>
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11. Say “yes” more than “no”. Too many “no’s” are just as ineffective as too few. Your youngster tunes you out or gives up because he keeps running into roadblocks. </div>
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12. Teach your youngster the skills needed to follow the rules. A rule is meaningless if your youngster isn’t getting it. It’s important not to lose credibility. If an “inside voice” is challenging to your youngster, practice with toilet paper rolls to make it fun. If running through stores has become a game, make a few trips to the mall when you have nothing else to do but teach appropriate behavior. And leave as soon as your defiant youngster starts to test your commitment.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-4880576683085002982012-03-30T12:41:00.007-04:002019-07-08T09:43:56.491-04:00Is it possible that marital discord causes Oppositional Defiant Disorder in some cases?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4z73UjBAcJVMjqNzmDmF__vt-T73qpk25bFXA6uKCuae7IXixl_yQwXujm1FFsDOU9pBekpCaaN5ZdXvSNJvECu6FlyN7nCYfZM_vRaDwY7jO0egWOabIwI3EST6delx4572rbdUJxVdN/s1600/marital+discord+and+defiant+behavior+in+children.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4z73UjBAcJVMjqNzmDmF__vt-T73qpk25bFXA6uKCuae7IXixl_yQwXujm1FFsDOU9pBekpCaaN5ZdXvSNJvECu6FlyN7nCYfZM_vRaDwY7jO0egWOabIwI3EST6delx4572rbdUJxVdN/s200/marital+discord+and+defiant+behavior+in+children.jpg" width="200" /></a>The short answer is ‘no’ – it doesn’t cause Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), but it is definitely a contributing factor. Much of the research to date addresses the influence of parents’ attitudes and actions on the behavior of their kids. Studies have consistently shown a strong correlation between marital dissatisfaction and overt marital conflict and kid’s oppositional defiant behavior. Studies have examined numerous explanations for these findings.</div>
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One such explanation was that dysfunctional marital relationships lead to dysfunctional parenting practices. Marital conflict has been positively linked with callous disciplinary practices used by moms and dads, lower levels of parental participation, and more recurrent parent-child conflict. Conflicted moms and dads are also less likely to praise their kids, read to them, engage in recreation with them, or spend time with them in relational or social activities. This detachment fuels negative relationships within families. </div>
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Families where both the mom and dad blame the youngster and “scapegoat” him demonstrate high levels of marital discord and “acting-out” behaviors in the youngster is evident. This type of parenting strategy, or lack of one, may be seen as an example of how maladaptive parenting styles and the youngster’s misbehavior become intertwined and reciprocally reinforcing. What is most important is the way these behaviors are substantiated through family interaction styles and how they serve a homeostatic function, in that it helps to maintain balance within the family system. </div>
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Other factors involving parents’ actions and attitudes have been shown to affect a kid’s behavior. For example, depression in the mother or father is related to a particular style of conflict-management in the home. Parents with depressive symptoms were shown to use more evading and aggressive conflict resolution strategies in the marriage and family relationship. These maladaptive conflict resolution styles can be positively correlated to the kid’s destructive behaviors. Negative parental conflict-management styles can also impact the kid’s ability to manage conflict properly himself, with either family or peers. </div>
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Parental antisocial behavior has a monumental influence on kid’s adjustment difficulties. Such detrimental parental conduct plays a major role in family disturbance and the growth of kid’s “acting-out” behaviors. This conduct also leads to adjustment problems in kids (e.g., anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, destructive behaviors, etc.). </div>
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Parental hostility and conflict seem to be the most prevalent negative influences on kids within the family system. Antagonism and lack of involvement within the marital relationship are the most caustic form of marital disagreement and are linked to dysfunction throughout many levels of the family system. When parents participate in both aggressive and distancing behaviors in their interaction with one another, they tend to have kids who exhibit harmful affect and non-cooperation with peers who have higher levels of “acting-out” issues. This subject can even be narrowed to include moms and dads who improperly argue about what is proper parenting. This aspect of moms and dads fighting with each other over parenting issues has also been shown to adversely influence kid’s actions and attitudes. </div>
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Parental marital conflict significantly increases kid’s anxiety and depression. Marital conflict and dissolution of the marital relationship are early environmental adversities that negatively impact kid’s physical health. The impact of the parent’s behavior on the youngster’s behavior is, therefore, well documented. If moms and dads are able to successfully and understandingly work through problems together, they evidence more involved and supportive parenting with their kids.</div>
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<i>Mom’s special influence:</i></div>
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A mom’s special influence in a youngster’s life can be a powerful force for good or ill. Kids with moms who feel uncertain of their parenting skills and use love conditionally tend to report more anxious kids. Moms who display hostile control and discipline are more likely to have kids with conduct problems.</div>
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Moms tend to have much more of a positive influence on their kid’s behavior than dads. This could be attributed to the fact that it is socially accepted that moms should be psychologically available to their kids in spite of their own problems. Females may be able to deliberately disconnect their roles as spouse and as mom, thereby lessening the impact of a poor marital relationship on their responsibility as moms. </div>
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Dads, on the other hand, tend to have a more negative impact. This may be due to the fact that disconnected dads produce a family atmosphere in which kids feel more at ease with their moms. This may cause kids and moms to create alliances that segregate dads and may lead to the dad’s retreat from family interactions and an increased expression of negative behaviors within the family. </div>
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Marital conflict has also been shown to be associated with negativity in the mom’s relationship with the pre-teen son or daughter. This marital conflict has been linked to a lack of responsiveness on the part of the mom in the mother–child relationship.</div>
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Moms and dads who experience unremitting marital conflict are likely to have limited emotional availability for their kids. The lower the levels of conflict are, the less negative the parent–child relationship tends to be. Although moms and dads have a paramount influence on their kid’s lives and behavior, other environmental factors contribute as well.</div>
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<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>==> Parenting Children and Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</b></span></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-52392001397332177972012-03-21T12:19:00.004-04:002022-04-30T11:40:49.257-04:00What are the best behavior-management strategies that teachers can use with their oppositional defiant students?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDPaNzkXJQq01A5RTR_NPDLLSsAmp1NSCQccORoqPtNjJbIW_XBd-TEGtMxQpNhkxpopMz04btcN9mHQ8x2vzp9Vff8z3FXF-L3kIyKkSPeQJRaSRNENwp5-_SUxzcnMuywfo2q8Oh54p/s1600/teaching+strategies+for+oppositional+students.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdDPaNzkXJQq01A5RTR_NPDLLSsAmp1NSCQccORoqPtNjJbIW_XBd-TEGtMxQpNhkxpopMz04btcN9mHQ8x2vzp9Vff8z3FXF-L3kIyKkSPeQJRaSRNENwp5-_SUxzcnMuywfo2q8Oh54p/s200/teaching+strategies+for+oppositional+students.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Solutions for Oppositional Defiant Behavior in ODD Students: Tips for Teachers</span></b></div>
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<b>1. ODD Behavior: Complying with the letter of the law but not with the spirit of it—</b></div>
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<i>Examples:</i></div>
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• When told, “Take your hat off,” the child may take it off and then put it back on.</div>
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• When given the direction “Lower your voice,” the child may speak in a lower tone but use the same volume.</div>
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• When given the direction “Bring your chair up to the front of the room,” the child may bring the chair up but then sit on the floor.</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Teach the difference between the letter and the spirit of the law—</b></div>
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Generally, when faced with the “loophole finding” student, teachers will try to become more precise in their language or to add additional rules. Rather than trying to plug the loopholes, have a lesson at the beginning of the year on the difference between the “letter of the law” and the “spirit of the law.” Unless a youngster has a language impairment, she/he knows what the teacher means and is merely testing the limits. In the lesson, you can give examples of statements an educator might make, and then ask the children in class to identify the intent.<i> </i></div>
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<i>Examples:</i></div>
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• No talking. Does the educator mean: (a) be silent or (b) start whispering?</div>
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• Stop running. Does the educator mean: (a) walk or (b) start skipping or hopping?</div>
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• Turn around. Does the educator mean: (a) face front or (b) turn in a circle?</div>
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Not only does this lesson get the point across, it generally is a lot of fun for teachers and children. Once the educator is certain the group understands the difference between the letter of the law and the spirit of the law, one additional rule can be added to the classroom list: “Follow the spirit of the law.” </div>
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Now, when a child tests the limit, the teacher can ask, “Are you following the spirit of the law?” This effectively derails the child who innocently looks at you and smiles, saying, “But I did what you SAID!”</div>
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<b>2. ODD Behavior: Making deals—</b></div>
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<i>Example:</i></div>
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The educator says, “You need to finish your English before you go to recess.” The child responds, “If you let me go to recess, I’ll do my English later. I want to do Math now.” If the educator persists, the child will continue to try to “make a deal” (e.g.,, “I’ll do half my English now, only have half of recess, and then come back in and finish my English”).</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Ask rather than tell—</b></div>
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Many times this type of interchange can be proactively avoided by asking the children what they should be doing, rather than by telling them what they are supposed to do (e.g., “What needs to be done before you go to recess?”). For the most part, children with defiant behavior really don’t want to be doing something different, they just want to have control and not feel as if they are being told what to do.</div>
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Children who are trying to make deals are really saying, “I want to feel like I have control over what I’m doing and when I’m doing it.” If the teacher interprets that sentiment out loud and points out that they do have control, children often will comply (e.g., the teacher could say, “You want to feel like you have control and options about the ‘what’ and ‘when’ of your choices. You do have control. No one can make you do anything you don’t want to. It’s your choice. You don’t do English – then you don’t have recess. It’s totally up to you.”).</div>
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<b>3. ODD Behavior: Violating rules right in front of a teacher—</b></div>
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<i>Examples:</i></div>
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• The educator is walking down the aisle and, as she passes, the child puts her/his feet up on the next chair.</div>
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• The educator tells everyone to remember to please raise a hand when answering a question, but the child immediately shouts out an answer.</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Planned ignoring—</b></div>
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Planned ignoring is a conscious decision to not attend to the behavior at the time it occurs. It does not mean ignoring the behavior forever, which would be condoning it. Usually, when a child violates a rule immediately after it has been given, it is an attempt to engage the teacher in an argument and seize control of the classroom. Behaviors that are insubordinate, but do not endanger the physical or psychological safety of others, can be temporarily ignored. </div>
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When the child sees that the teacher is not going to “give up” control of the classroom by taking the time to engage in an argument, the behavior often stops. If, however, when the behavior is ignored the child escalates it, the teacher needs to interpret the meaning of the behavior. It is important to let your class know about the strategy of planned ignoring at the beginning of the year. You might say, “There are going to be times when someone violates a rule and it looks like I’m not paying attention or I’m letting them get away with it. I want you to know that I am choosing to ignore them for the time being because what’s most important is that I continue to teach and you continue to learn. I want you to know that the misbehavior will be addressed at a later time and the child will receive consequences for her/his behavioral choices. The rules haven’t changed.”</div>
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<b>4. ODD Behavior: Intense need to “have the last word”—</b></div>
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Because oppositional behavior is all about control, children who exhibit it have an intense need to have the last word. Remember that they don’t want the argument to end, because when it does, their sense of control ends also. Unfortunately, dealing with a child who has the intense need to win often generates in teachers the same intense need to come out on top.</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Give them control—</b></div>
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Make the conscious decision to “surrender to win.” Let the child have the last word. Once her/his goal has been achieved, the behavior generally ceases. Once again, “parting-shot” inappropriate comments can be ignored and consequences given later.</div>
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<b>5. ODD Behavior: Constantly questioning “why?”—</b></div>
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Like 3-year-olds, children who are defiant will question the purpose for a direction. Then they will question the explanation. Their purpose is to maintain control of the discussion.</div>
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<i>Example:</i></div>
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“You need to put your feet down.”</div>
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“Why?”</div>
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“Because that’s the rule.”</div>
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“Why?”</div>
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“Because having your feet up bothers other people.”</div>
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“Why?”</div>
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“Because it bumps their chair or blocks their way.”</div>
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“Why is that a problem? They could move or go around.”</div>
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“Because people are entitled not to be bothered.”</div>
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“Why?”</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Agree to answer, but during “their” time—</b></div>
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Generally, if you’ve made it a habit of “asking” rather than telling (e.g., “Where do your feet belong?” instead of “You need to put your feet down”), the child isn’t as likely to get into the “whys.”However, if this occurs, the first thing to do would be to try planned ignoring. If the questions continue, you can agree to discuss the reasons – but only during “their time.” For example, “If you’d like to discuss this, I’d be happy to before you go to recess.” Children who are truly interested in the reason will agree to your request. Those who are just trying to get control of the class will usually respond to your reminder (e.g., “It’s not that important. I need to get to recess.”).</div>
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<b>6. ODD Behavior: Staff splitting—</b></div>
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Many children who are defiant constantly point out inconsistent enforcement of the rules by teachers and use this as a rationale for their own behavior. What the children are trying to do is make this an issue of whether or not grown-ups are consistent rather than focusing on the real issue—whether they are choosing to follow or break the rules (“I don’t have to follow the rules if the teachers don’t enforce them”).</div>
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Unfortunately, many teachers fall for this. There seems to be an irrational belief that if only every teacher in the environment treats children the same way, they will behave. The total weight of the child behavior is put on the grown-ups, and the responsibility is built on enforcement rather than on compliance.</div>
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Although consistent enforcement does help keep the rule in the forefront, inconsistent enforcement neither causes nor excuses inappropriate behavior. The issue isn’t whether the teacher is or isn’t doing her/his job, the issue is that the child is violating the rule and is looking for someone else to blame.</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Put the focus back on the child—</b></div>
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When confronted with “other teachers don’t do anything when I____” rationalizations, say, “You feel because you broke the rule and you weren’t called on it that the rule has changed… it hasn’t.” …or… “You would like it to be Mrs. Jones’ fault that you are breaking the rule.”</div>
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<b>7. ODD Behavior: Refusal to comply—</b></div>
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<i>Examples:</i></div>
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• “You can’t make me.”</div>
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• “What are you going to do about it?”</div>
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When children say, “You can’t make me,” they are asserting their control and challenging yours. They are silently hoping that the teacher will rise to the challenge and try to control them. Like it or not, they are right. Teachers can’t make anyone do anything against her/his will.</div>
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These children are also upping the ante—challenging teachers to come up with some consequence that will mean something to them. The “test” is to show teachers their own powerlessness, and these children will often laugh in the face of any consequences teachers might use, even if at a later time they might wish they hadn’t.</div>
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<b>Teacher’s Strategy: Agreement—</b></div>
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You can consciously choose to avoid getting into a power struggle. You might generally agree with the child by saying something like, “You are absolutely right. I can’t make you. The only person who can control you is you. I hope you make a good decision for yourself.”</div>
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Children who ask, “What are you going to do about it?” are not so much interested in your answer as they are in trying to prove how incapable you are of controlling their behavior. A good response to this question might be, “You are trying to decide if it’s worth it for you. That lets me know that you are in control and are choosing whether or not to behave. That means you’re also choosing to accept whatever the consequences are.” </div>
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Note: Rarely, if ever, tell the child what the consequences will be, because (a) it generally doesn’t make a difference to them, and (b) vague consequences can serve to keep them emotionally off balance. Children who are oppositional don’t like uncertainty, and they are often more likely to make a decision to control their behavior if they don’t know what will happen. You could say, “Because you are telling me you’re in control, and it sounds like you’re just trying to see what will happen, is it worth it for you to act-up just to see what the outcome will be?”</div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-61404976918645027602012-03-17T12:04:00.003-04:002021-09-01T08:52:14.758-04:00Understanding Your Child's Behavior Disorder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSPZFlpX0Pu2EvW9HwLMOfp7Y5iCVEXTUS97ux6qiK5zzgwPMAEK-my87ejd97ELTt7D4thCi_F-LGCsVRPwhU8E34i7d09aFcwkGpJc6pP3QGp3QFMKBjf6gx8zs4R8q7Bt9E2tjOjeM/s1600/treatment+for+behavior+disorders.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSPZFlpX0Pu2EvW9HwLMOfp7Y5iCVEXTUS97ux6qiK5zzgwPMAEK-my87ejd97ELTt7D4thCi_F-LGCsVRPwhU8E34i7d09aFcwkGpJc6pP3QGp3QFMKBjf6gx8zs4R8q7Bt9E2tjOjeM/s200/treatment+for+behavior+disorders.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Behavior disorders (sometimes referred to as disruptive behavior disorders) are the most common reasons kids are referred for mental health evaluations and treatment. All disruptive behavior is not the same. Behavior disorders include mental health problems which include behaviors and emotional problems that create interpersonal and emotional problems for kids and teens during the course of their development.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The most common behavior disorder in kids is ADHD, which includes inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive behaviors. ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder) is another behavior disorder that includes behaviors disruptive to relationships with others (i.e., angry and resentful oppositional behavior). Conduct Disorder (CD) involves behaviors which violate social norms and expectations.</div>
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<b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)—</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">ADHD, usually first diagnosed in childhood, is characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and, in some cases, hyperactivity. These symptoms usually occur together; however, one may occur without the other(s).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The symptoms of hyperactivity, when present, are almost always apparent by the age of 7 and may be apparent in preschoolers. Inattention or attention-deficit may not be evident until a youngster faces the expectations of elementary school.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What are the different types of ADHD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Three major types of ADHD include the following:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">ADHD, inattentive and distractible type- This type of AHD is characterized predominately by inattention and distractibility without hyperactivity.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type- This, the least common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors without inattention and distractibility.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">ADHD, combined type- This, the most common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility.</li>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What causes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ADHD is one of the most researched areas in child and adolescent mental health. However, the precise cause of the disorder is still unknown. Available evidence suggests that ADHD is genetic. It is a brain-based biological disorder. Low levels of dopamine (a brain chemical) are found in kids with ADHD. Brain imaging studies using PET scanners (positron emission tomography; a form of brain imaging that makes it possible to observe the human brain at work) show that brain metabolism in kids with ADHD is lower in the areas of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Who is affected by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Estimates suggest that about 2 million kids (3 percent to 5 percent) have ADHD. Males are two to three times more likely to have ADHD than females.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many moms and dads of kids with ADHD experienced symptoms of ADHD when they were younger. ADHD is commonly found in siblings within the same family. Most families seek help when their youngster's symptoms begin to interfere with learning and adjustment to the expectations of school and age-appropriate activities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What are the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most symptoms seen in kids with ADHD also occur at times in kids without this disorder. However, in kids with ADHD, these symptoms occur more frequently and interfere with learning, school adjustment, and, sometimes, with the youngster's relationships with others.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The following are the most common symptoms of ADHD. However, each youngster may experience symptoms differently. The three categories of symptoms of ADHD include the following:</div>
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<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Inattention-</i></div></i><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">o difficulty attending to details</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o difficulty listening to others</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o easily distracted</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o forgetfulness</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o poor organizational skills for age</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o poor study skills for age</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o short attention span for age (difficulty sustaining attention)</div>
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<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Impulsivity-</i></div></i><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">o has difficulty waiting for his/her turn in school and/or social games</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o often interrupts others</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o takes frequent risks, and often without thinking before acting</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o tends to blurt out answers instead of waiting to be called upon</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Hyperactivity-</i></div></i><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">o fidgets with hands or squirms when in his/her seat; fidgeting excessively</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o has difficulty engaging in quiet activities</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o has difficulty remaining in his/her seat even when it is expected</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o inability to stay on task; shifts from one task to another without bringing any to completion</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o loses or forgets things repeatedly and often</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o seems to be in constant motion; runs or climbs, at times with no apparent goal except motion</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o talks excessively</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The symptoms of ADHD may resemble other medical conditions or behavior problems. Furthermore, many of these symptoms may occur in kids and adolescents who do not have ADHD. A key element in diagnosis is that the symptoms must significantly impair adaptive functioning in both home and school environments. Always consult your youngster's doctor for a diagnosis.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosed?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavior disorder of childhood. A qualified mental health professional usually identifies ADHD in kids. A detailed history of the youngster's behavior from moms and dads and educators, observations of the youngster's behavior, and psycho-educational testing contribute to making the diagnosis of ADHD. Further, because ADHD is a group of symptoms, often diagnosis depends on evaluating results from several different types of evaluations, including physical, neurological, and psychological. Certain tests may be used to rule out other conditions, and some may be used to test intelligence and certain skill sets. Consult your youngster's doctor for more information.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Specific treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder will be determined by your youngster's doctor based on:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">expectations for the course of the condition</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">extent of your youngster's symptoms</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's age, overall health, and medical history</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's tolerance for specific medications or therapies</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your opinion or preference</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Major components of treatment for kids with ADHD include parental support and education in behavioral training, appropriate school placement, and medication. Treatment with a psycho-stimulant is highly effective in most kids with ADHD.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment may include:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Psycho-stimulant medications are used for their ability to balance chemicals in the brain that prohibit the youngster from maintaining attention and controlling impulses. They help "stimulate" or help the brain to focus and may be used to reduce the major characteristics of ADHD, which include the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">o hyperactivity</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o impulsivity</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o inattention</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Different psycho-stimulant medications that are commonly used to treat ADHD include the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">o a mixture of amphetamine salts (Adderall)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o atomoxetine (Strattera) - a newer non-stimulant medication</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">o methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metadate, Concerta)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Psycho-stimulants have been used to treat childhood behavior disorders since the 1930s. They have been widely studied. Stimulants take effect in the body quickly, work for one to four hours, and then leave the body quickly. Recently many long acting stimulant medications have come on the market, lasting 8-9 hours, requiring one daily dosing. Doses of stimulant medications need to be timed to match the youngster's school schedule - to help the youngster pay attention for a longer period of time and improve classroom performance.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The common side effects of stimulants may include, but are not limited to, the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">decreased appetite</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">headaches</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">insomnia</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">jitteriness</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">rebound activation (when the effect of the stimulant wears off, hyperactive and impulsive behaviors may increase for a short period of time)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">stomach aches</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most side effects of stimulant use are mild, decrease with regular use, and respond to dose changes. Always discuss potential side effects with your youngster's doctor.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Antidepressant medications may also be administered for kids and teens with ADHD to help improve attention while decreasing aggression, anxiety, and/or depression.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Psychosocial treatments- Parenting kids with ADHD may be difficult and can present challenges that create stress within the family. Classes in behavior management skills for moms and dads can help reduce stress for all family members. Training in behavior management skills for moms and dads usually occurs in a group setting which encourages parent-to-parent support.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Behavior management skills may include the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">contingent attention (responding to the youngster with positive attention when desired behaviors occur; withholding attention when undesired behaviors occur)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">point systems</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">use of "time out"</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Educators may also be taught behavior management skills to use in the classroom setting. Training for educators usually includes use of daily behavior reports that communicate in-school behaviors to moms and dads.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Behavior management techniques tend to improve targeted behaviors (e.g., completing school work or keeping the youngster's hands to himself/herself), but are not usually helpful in reducing overall inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prevention of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of ADHD in kids are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, decrease the interference of behavioral symptoms on school functioning, enhance the youngster's normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by kids or teens with ADHD.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)—</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a behavior disorder, usually diagnosed in childhood that is characterized by uncooperative, defiant, negativistic, irritable, and annoying behaviors toward moms and dads, peers, educators, and other authority figures. Kids and teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder are more distressing or troubling to others than they are distressed or troubled themselves.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What causes ODD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While the cause of Oppositional Defiant Disorder is not known, there are two primary theories offered to explain the development of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. A developmental theory suggests that the problems begin when kids are toddlers. Kids and teens that develop Oppositional Defiant Disorder may have had a difficult time learning to separate and become autonomous from the primary person to whom they were emotionally attached. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The "bad attitude" characteristic of Oppositional Defiant Disorder is viewed as a continuation of the normal developmental issues that were not adequately resolved during the toddler years. Learning theory suggests, however, that the negativistic characteristics of Oppositional Defiant Disorder are learned attitudes, reflecting the effects of negative reinforcement techniques used by moms and dads and authority figures. The use of negative reinforcement by moms and dads is viewed as increasing the rate and intensity of oppositional behaviors in the youngster as it achieves the desired attention, time, concern, and interaction with moms and dads or authority figures.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Who is affected by ODD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Behavior disorders, as a category, are, by far, the most common reason for referrals to mental health services for kids and teens. ODD is reported to affect 20 percent of the school-age population. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is more common in males than in females.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What are the symptoms of ODD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most symptoms seen in kids and teens with ODD also occur at times in kids without this disorder, especially around the ages or two or three, or during the teenage years. Many kids (especially when they are tired, hungry, or upset) tend to disobey, argue with moms and dads, or defy authority. However, in kids and teens with ODD, these symptoms occur more frequently and interfere with learning, school adjustment, and, sometimes, with the youngster's relationships with others.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Symptoms of ODD may include:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">always questioning rules; refusal to follow rules</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">behavior intended to annoy or upset others, including grown-ups</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">blaming others for his/her misbehavior or mistakes</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">easily annoyed by others</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">excessive arguments with authority figures</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">frequent temper tantrums</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">frequently has an angry attitude</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">refusal to comply with adult requests</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">seeking revenge</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">speaking harshly, or unkindly</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder may resemble other medical conditions or behavior problems. Always consult your youngster's doctor for a diagnosis.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How is ODD diagnosed?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Moms and dads, educators, and other authority figures in child and adolescent settings often identify the youngster or teen with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. However, a youngster psychiatrist or a qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses Oppositional Defiant Disorder in kids and teens. A detailed history of the youngster's behavior from moms and dads and educators, clinical observations of the youngster's behavior, and, sometimes, psychological testing contribute to the diagnosis. Moms and dads who note symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in their youngster or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment early. Early treatment can often prevent future problems.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Further, ODD often coexists with other mental health disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, increasing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. Consult your youngster's doctor for more information.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment for ODD:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Specific treatment for kids with ODD will be determined by your youngster's doctor based on:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">expectations for the course of the condition</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">extent of your youngster's symptoms</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's age, overall health, and medical history</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's tolerance for specific medications or therapies</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your opinion or preference</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment may include:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Family therapy is often focused on making changes within the family system (e.g., improving communication skills and family interactions). Parenting kids with Oppositional Defiant Disorder can be very difficult and trying for moms and dads. Moms and dads need support and understanding as well as help in developing more effective parenting approaches.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Individual psychotherapy for Oppositional Defiant Disorder often uses cognitive-behavioral approaches to improve problem solving skills, communication skills, impulse control, and anger management skills.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• While not considered effective in treating Oppositional Defiant Disorder, medication may be used if other symptoms or disorders are present and responsive to medication.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Peer group therapy is often focused on developing social skills and interpersonal skills.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prevention of ODD in childhood:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some experts believe that a developmental sequence of experiences occurs in the development of ODD. This sequence may start with ineffective parenting practices, followed by difficulty with other authority figures and poor peer interactions. These experiences compound and continue, and oppositional and defiant behaviors develop into a pattern of behavior. Early detection and intervention into negative family and social experiences may be helpful in disrupting the sequence of experiences leading to more oppositional and defiant behaviors. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Early detection and intervention with more effective communication skills, parenting skills, conflict resolution skills, and anger management skills can disrupt the pattern of negative behaviors and decrease the interference of oppositional and defiant behaviors in interpersonal relationships with adults and peers, and school and social adjustment. The goal of early intervention is to enhance the youngster's normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by kids or teens with ODD.<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>3. Conduct Disorder (CD)—</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Conduct Disorder is a behavior disorder, sometimes diagnosed in childhood, that is characterized by antisocial behaviors which violate the rights of others and age-appropriate social standards and rules. Antisocial behaviors may include irresponsibility, delinquent behaviors (e.g., truancy or running away), violating the rights of others (e.g., theft), and/or physical aggression toward others (e.g., assault or rape). These behaviors sometimes occur together; however, one or several may occur without the other(s).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What causes CD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The conditions that contribute to the development of CD are considered to be multi-factorial, with many factors contributing to the cause. Neuro-psychological testing has shown that kids and teens with CD seem to have impairment in the frontal lobe of the brain that interferes with their ability to plan, avoid harm, and learn from negative experiences. Childhood temperament is considered to have a genetic basis. Kids or teens that are considered to have a difficult temperament are more likely to develop behavior problems. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kids or teens from disadvantaged, dysfunctional, and disorganized home environments are more likely to develop CD. Social problems and peer group rejection have been found to contribute to delinquency. Low socioeconomic status has been associated with CD. Kids and teens exhibiting delinquent and aggressive behaviors have distinctive cognitive and psychological profiles when compared to kids with other mental health problems and control groups. All of the possible contributing factors influence how kids and teens interact with other people.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Who is affected by CD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Approximately 1 percent to 4 percent of kids (ages nine to 17 years old) have CD. The disorder is more common in males than in females. Kids and teens with CD often have other psychiatric problems as well that may be a contributing factor to the development of the conduct disorder. The prevalence of CD has increased over recent decades. Aggressive behavior is the reason for one-third to one-half of the referrals made to youngster and teen mental health services.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">What are the symptoms of CD?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most symptoms seen in kids with CD also occur at times in kids without this disorder. However, in kids with conduct disorder, these symptoms occur more frequently and interfere with learning, school adjustment, and, sometimes, with the youngster's relationships with others.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The following are the most common symptoms of conduct disorder. However, each youngster may experience symptoms differently. The four main groups of behaviors include the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Aggressive conduct causes or threatens physical harm to others and may include the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">bullying</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">cruelty to others or animals</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">forcing someone into sexual activity, rape, molestation</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">intimidating behavior</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">physical fights</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">use of a weapon(s)</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Destructive conduct may include the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">arson</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">vandalism; intentional destruction to property</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Deceitful behavior may include the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">delinquency</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">lying</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">shoplifting</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">theft</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Violation of ordinary rules of conduct or age-appropriate norms may include the following:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">mischief</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">pranks</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">running away</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">truancy (failure to attend school)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">very early sexual activity</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The symptoms of CD may resemble other medical conditions or behavioral problems. Always consult your youngster's doctor for a diagnosis.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">How is CD diagnosed?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A youngster psychiatrist or a qualified mental health professional usually diagnoses CD in kids and teens. A detailed history of the youngster's behavior from moms and dads and educators, observations of the youngster's behavior, and, sometimes, psychological testing contribute to the diagnosis. Moms and dads who note symptoms of CD in their youngster or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment early. Early treatment can often prevent future problems.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Further, CD often coexists with other mental health disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and learning disorders, increasing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. Consult your youngster's doctor for more information.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment for CD:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Specific treatment for kids with CD will be determined by your youngster's doctor based on:</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">expectations for the course of the condition</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">extent of your youngster's symptoms</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's age, overall health, and medical history</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your youngster's tolerance for specific medications or therapies</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">your opinion or preference</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Treatment may include:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Peer group therapy is often focused on developing social skills and interpersonal skills.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• While not considered effective in treating conduct disorder, medication may be used if other symptoms or disorders are present and responsive to medication.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Family therapy is often focused on making changes within the family system (e.g., improving communication skills and family interactions).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">• The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to improve problem solving skills, communication skills, impulse control, and anger management skills.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Prevention of CD in childhood:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As with ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder), some experts believe that a developmental sequence of experiences occurs in the development of conduct disorder. This sequence may start with ineffective parenting practices, followed by academic failure, and poor peer interactions. These experiences then often lead to depressed mood and involvement in a deviant peer group. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Other experts, however, believe that many factors, including youngster abuse, genetic susceptibility, history of academic failure, brain damage, and/or a traumatic experience influence the expression of conduct disorder. Early detection and intervention into negative family and social experiences may be helpful in disrupting the development of the sequence of experiences that lead to more disruptive and aggressive behaviors.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-766629854056911372012-03-14T12:20:00.001-04:002022-04-30T11:41:14.089-04:00How should parents handle a violent child with Oppositional Defiant Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iVnZrq0ueqL62y8YTsz5fEimZ8MZuIT98CFQ470tO0_ucp0qVXBQgIyaryls1S_QoarSViFRmtNGnkffLyx2DgdYfc8IhKwXXmLUx04GvvTpc1OEkkWDQJwxdDgEwm2vvEKMXdiRlcJT/s1600/violent-child+with+ODD.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iVnZrq0ueqL62y8YTsz5fEimZ8MZuIT98CFQ470tO0_ucp0qVXBQgIyaryls1S_QoarSViFRmtNGnkffLyx2DgdYfc8IhKwXXmLUx04GvvTpc1OEkkWDQJwxdDgEwm2vvEKMXdiRlcJT/s200/violent-child+with+ODD.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Violent behavior in kids and teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) can include a wide range of behaviors: </div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>cruelty toward animals</li>
<li>explosive temper tantrums</li>
<li>fighting</li>
<li>fire setting</li>
<li>intentional destruction of property</li>
<li>physical aggression</li>
<li>threats or attempts to hurt others (including homicidal thoughts)</li>
<li>use of weapons</li>
<li>vandalism</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Numerous research studies have concluded that a complex interaction or combination of factors leads to an increased risk of violent behavior in ODD kids and teens. These factors include:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Being the victim of physical abuse and/or sexual abuse</li>
<li>Brain damage from head injury</li>
<li>Combination of stressful family socioeconomic factors (e.g., poverty, severe deprivation, marital breakup, single parenting, unemployment, loss of support from extended family, etc.)</li>
<li>Exposure to violence in media (e.g., TV, movies, etc.)</li>
<li>Exposure to violence in the home and/or community</li>
<li>Genetic factors</li>
<li>Presence of firearms in home</li>
<li>Previous aggressive or violent behavior</li>
<li>Use of drugs and/or alcohol </li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ODD kids and teens who have several risk factors and show the following behaviors should be carefully evaluated:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Becoming easily frustrated</li>
<li>Extreme impulsiveness</li>
<li>Extreme irritability</li>
<li>Frequent loss of temper or blow-ups</li>
<li>Intense anger </li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Parents and teachers should be aware of the following tips for dealing with violent ODD children and teens:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Stop being intimidated by your ODD youngster. Many moms and dads are afraid to discipline an unruly youngster for fear that he will resent them for being an authority figure. Your youngster doesn't have to like you or even love you, but he does have to respect the parent-child relationship, and realize that there will be consequences for negative actions. Recognize that you don't have to be your youngster's buddy, but you do have to be his parent.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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2. Seek treatment. Whenever parents become concerned about violent behavior, they should immediately arrange for a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified mental health professional. Early treatment by a professional can often help. The goals of treatment typically focus on helping the ODD youngster to: </div>
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<li>accept consequences</li>
<li>be responsible for her actions</li>
<li>express anger and frustrations in appropriate ways</li>
<li>learn how to control her anger</li>
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In addition, family conflicts, school problems, and community issues must be addressed.</div>
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3. Maintain a unified front. Sometimes aggressive kids know that if they engage in "divide and conquer" tactics with their moms and dads, they will be able to get their way. Thus, parents need to be unified in their parenting. If you're together, if you're unified and if you're there for each other, then all of a sudden there's strength in numbers. Don't forget to close the ranks.</div>
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4. Every youngster has currency. Use it! There's not a kid born that doesn't have currency (e.g., toys, clothes, games, television, etc.). Access to this "currency" needs to be contingent upon proper behavior. For example, if an ODD youngster throws a tantrum in a crowded store, he should not be rewarded with a toy or a coloring book. He needs to understand the consequences of his behavior. Predict the consequences of his actions with 100 percent accuracy.</div>
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5. Don't get into a power struggle with an ODD youngster. Sometimes aggressive kids know that if they struggle long enough with their moms and dads (e.g., by yelling, screaming, throwing temper tantrums, etc.) that they will get their way. Don’t fall for these tactics. Be firm in disciplining your youngster, and let him know that there are boundaries that he has to observe. </div>
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6. Acknowledge your role. When an ODD youngster is acting out, the family will blame him for the family's dysfunction. Oftentimes, you will see a family that will present a disruptive youngster for treatment ... this is the sacrificial lamb for the family's toxicity. Moms and dads should examine their own behavior, and if need be, the entire family should seek counseling.</div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-75734942322769738012012-03-10T10:13:00.000-05:002019-07-03T11:05:41.157-04:00What can parents do to help their oppositional defiant children?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Tub41Ehe1YXfe3T3BHGpjGwDvwDz8VHmXBxyTb1WSoT4_ZnmmZHh3AvwvbzSN0OzzaFZA2NDFP87BF0GLLBzoD3MoXy-XeOPtvID9Tr3jQegnNB1TsoUD1ld3C2dtoSi3QUGyC5ImIZe/s1600/helping+defiant+children+behave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Tub41Ehe1YXfe3T3BHGpjGwDvwDz8VHmXBxyTb1WSoT4_ZnmmZHh3AvwvbzSN0OzzaFZA2NDFP87BF0GLLBzoD3MoXy-XeOPtvID9Tr3jQegnNB1TsoUD1ld3C2dtoSi3QUGyC5ImIZe/s200/helping+defiant+children+behave.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Since kids pass through many developmental stages as they mature, it is important to understand the differences between normal childhood attempts to defy authority and symptoms of full-blown Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). </div>
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<i>Oppositional defiant kids share many of the following characteristics:</i></div>
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<li>are driven to defeat authority figures</li>
<li>are relentless in their pursuit of proving authority figures to be wrong or stupid</li>
<li>are socially exploitive and very quick to notice how others respond; they then use these responses to their advantage in family or social environments</li>
<li>are vigorously intent on “getting their way”</li>
<li>deny responsibility for their misbehavior and have little insight into how they impact others.</li>
<li>have thoughts that revolve around defeating anyone’s attempt to exercise authority over them</li>
<li>possess a strong need for control, and will do just about anything to gain power</li>
<li>tolerate a great deal of negativity – in fact they seem to thrive on large amounts of conflict, anger and negativity from others, and are frequently the winners in escalating battles of negativity</li>
<li>turn most interactions with authority figures into win-lose situations</li>
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Besides Oppositional Defiant Disorder, ODD kids may also have another psychiatric disorder. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is frequently a co-morbid condition with ADHD. It can also be diagnosed along with Tourette’s, OCD, anxiety and mood disorders, Aspergers, language-processing impairments, sensory integration deficits, or nonverbal learning disabilities. </div>
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What causes this troubling behavior? Some researchers believe that many of the symptoms of these disorders may share common neurobiological mechanisms. If your youngster is affected by one of these disorders, it is critical to keep in mind that Oppositional Defiant Disorder can create additional problems for you and your youngster.</div>
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Many authorities on parenting have indicated that ODD is more prevalent when structure in the home is out of balance (i.e., when there is either too much structure or not enough). In an overly structured environment, the parenting is rigid and inflexible. These moms and dads “micromanage” and come down hard on their kids, controlling every aspect of their lives. This particular style of parenting only serves to create more ODD behavior. On the other hand, structure that is too loose can also cause difficulties. Kids can exhibit ODD behavior when moms and dads do not provide enough structure by setting appropriate boundaries, or establishing and following through with consequences for misbehavior. These moms and dads usually give in to all of their youngster’s demands, either out of fear of the youngster, or in an effort to keep themselves in the youngster’s good graces. </div>
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In order to prevent or reduce ODD behavior, moms and dads should aim towards a firm and loving parenting style in which the structure is balanced. They must take charge, and place themselves at the top of the family hierarchy. They must use their authority as parents and, at the same time, make the youngster feel protected, loved and soothed.</div>
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How well the moms and dads get along, whether married or divorced, is another factor to consider in preventing ODD. When couples are unhappy or defiant in themselves, they frequently disagree on parenting issues, significantly limiting their success in changing the behavior of their youngster. ODD kids are experts at dividing their parent’s authority, and will most certainly take advantage of exploiting rifts between their mom and dad. Couples counseling may be in order to decrease the hostility and conflict between the mother and father and set the stage for united, successful parenting.</div>
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Another factor to consider is how the family is affected by this disorder. This can be one of the most stressful conditions a family faces and, when it is secondary to another neuropsychiatric disorder, that stress is compounded. Family counseling may be helpful to resolve family difficulties. The family therapist can provide a controlled environment which offers support and skills training to weary moms and dads.</div>
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Once marital and family issues are addressed, moms and dads can begin to train both themselves and their youngster. If parents continue to respond to quarrelsome behavior as they always have, the ODD child will continue to tune parents out, escalate the arguments, and push parent’s buttons. Most authority figures engage in an argument with concern for the outcome. The parent’s/teacher’s goal in an argument is to come to a resolution. In other words, what transpires as a result of the conflict is most important. As a mother or father, from your perspective, if you have determined the outcome of the argument, you are the one in control. For the ODD youngster, the process of creating an argument is more meaningful to him than the outcome of the conflict. These arguments over insignificant issues may seem pointless however, with such a strong need for control, it is your defiant youngster’s goal is to escalate the conflict until you are no longer the one in control. What is important to him is not the issue being argued over, as much as what is going to happen during the argument. </div>
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In order to control the process of the argument, the ODD youngster attempts to determine the topic and direction of the conflict, and seems to instinctively know when parents are feeling most vulnerable and when their energy is low. The ODD child will bring up conflict-laden issues during these times, aiming towards pushing the parent’s buttons and diverting them from issues in which they are likely to be attempting to exert authority over the ODD child. </div>
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When the Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster finally pushes the parent’s buttons, in his mind, he has gained control of the parent and her emotions. At this point, he has now successfully taken over the position of authority. Furthermore, when the parent loses control of her emotions, the youngster’s anxiety level rises along with his defensiveness. When his defenses increase, he becomes more defiant, which is his main defense mechanism. As he becomes more defiant, the situation escalates and the parent is caught in an endless cycle of conflict. </div>
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<i>What can parents do?</i></div>
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1. It is critical not to take what your youngster says personally. As soon as you defend yourself, your youngster, by the rules governing arguments, has the right to defend himself against your attack. In turn, you get to defend yourself, and he has now pushed your buttons and gained power. You do not have to defend yourself or try to convince him you are right. Do not lower yourself to the level of your oppositional youngster. </div>
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2. Once you have successfully avoided having your buttons pushed and have gained some control over your youngster’s behavior, it is time to go on the offensive to soothe him and help him get back to a calm state of mind. </div>
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3. One of the driving forces behind Oppositional Defiant Disorder is that the youngster is trying to grow up too quickly and considers himself to be equal to his mom and dad. The Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster may feel less loved due to the amount of conflict going on, and it is difficult to simultaneously feel loved as a youngster and try to operate on an adult level. Your youngster may know intellectually that he is loved, but not feel loved. Moms and dads must be able to show love, and soothe and nurture their youngster. This is not always easy to accomplish, especially when previous negative behavior patterns have become ingrained.</div>
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4. Rules and consequences must be clear and in writing to provide clarity for both youngster and parent before the conflict occurs. Begin by removing reinforcers (e.g., television, stereos, CD’s, DVD’s, computers, video games, telephones, bicycles, skateboards, visiting friends, access to favorite clothing, favorite foods, etc.) and allowing your youngster to earn the items back as a reward for acceptable behavior. </div>
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5. Strategies for avoiding conflict are essential to de-escalate the situation. It is wise to change the subject if your energy is low, or you suspect that the topic of discussion will result in an argument. </div>
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6. Tell the ODD child, in an calm rational manner, that he has two choices: (1) If he wants to stay around, he can change the subject and stop complaining, or (2) he can go somewhere else in the house to complain if he chooses. Should your youngster choose to escalate, it is time to use two powerful words which can cut through any argument. These words are “regardless” and “nevertheless” (e.g., “Nevertheless, this is how it is going to be…”). Using these words repetitively (like a broken record), in a relaxed manner will serve to de-escalate the situation without allowing your youngster to draw you into the power struggle.</div>
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7. Utilizing effective consequences for the defiant youngster can be difficult since this presents one more opportunity for conflict in which you are likely to lose power. Discussing consequences while you are in the middle of conflict will most likely result in more frustration for you. Thus, it is important to focus on consequences that do not require cooperation of the youngster. </div>
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8. Walking away from the conflict is another strategy to consider. If you can’t change the subject or walk away, it is important to keep in mind that the Oppositional Defiant Disorder youngster’s goal is to push your buttons. Think about your endurance. How long can you endure intense button pushing? When you get to the end of your rope, what are your options? </div>
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<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Oppositional Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-64199980874812559622012-03-07T11:28:00.004-05:002022-08-05T10:40:25.900-04:00Would a “scared straight” boot camp work for a child with oppositional defiant disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Re: Would a “scared straight” boot camp work for a child with oppositional defiant disorder?</i></div>
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The short answer is: <b>not according to the research</b>. </div>
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“Scared Straight” is a program designed to deter “bad” teens from future criminal offenses. The teenagers visit inmates, observe first-hand prison life, and have interaction with adult inmates. Since many desperate parents are looking for a “quick fix,” these programs have become very popular.</div>
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The basic idea behind these programs is that children and teens who see what prison is like will be deterred from future violations of the law (i.e., they will be frightened into behaving properly). Scared Straight emphasizes severity of consequences, but neglects two other key components of “deterrence theory” — certainty and swiftness. Why is this important? Because teens (in their naiveté) believe (a) “incarceration is never going to happen to me” and (b) “even if I do get incarcerated, it’s not going to happen anytime soon.”</div>
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One study investigated the effects of programs comprising organized visits to prisons by teen offenders (officially adjudicated or convicted by a juvenile court) or pre-offenders (kids in trouble but not officially adjudicated as “delinquents”), aimed at deterring them from any further criminal activity.</div>
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<i>The selection criteria for the research they reviewed were:</i></div>
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<li>Each study investigated had to include a no-treatment control condition with at least one outcome measure of “post visit” criminal behavior</li>
<li>Only studies that randomly or quasi-randomly assigned participants to conditions were included</li>
<li>Overlapping sample of teens and young adults (ages 14-20) were included</li>
<li>Studies that assessed effects of any program involving organized visits of teens or kids at- risk for criminality to penal institutions</li>
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Nine trials met the criteria for the study. The researchers’ results indicated that the Scared Straight program to be more harmful than doing nothing. The program effect, whether assuming a fixed or random effects model, was nearly identical and negative in direction, regardless of the meta-analytic strategy.</div>
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So, according to the study, the Scared Straight program not only does NOT work, it may actually be more harmful than doing nothing.</div>
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Another study showed that the Scared Straight program could possibly worsen Conduct Disorder symptoms. And yet another study showed that the program and similar programs produced substantial increases – not decreases – in recidivism (i.e., chronic relapse into crime).</div>
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The Scared Straight program relies on a deterrence-based strategy that fails to consider the driving mechanisms of deterrence. These mechanisms include (a) certainty of receiving a consequence (i.e., negative stimuli following a behavior), and (b) swiftness of the consequence (i.e., temporal proximity of punishment to the unwanted behavior). In other words, an uncomfortable consequence must be presented shortly after the unwanted behavior.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">References—</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Aos, S., Phillips, P., Barnoski, R., & Lieb, R. (2001). The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime. Olympia: Wash. State Inst. Public Policy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Hale, J. (2010). Interview with Dr. DiMichelle. Via e-mail [accessed Nov.23, 2010].</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Lilienfeld, SO. (2005). Scientifically Unsupported and Supported Interventions for Childhood Psychopathology: A Summary. PEDIATRICS 115; 761-764.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Lilienfeld, SO., Lynn, SJ., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, BL. (2010). 50 GREAT MYTHS OF POPULAR PSYCHOLOGY: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Marion, N.E., & Oliver, W.M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Mears, D.P. (2007). Towards Rational and Evidence-based Crime Policy. Journal of Criminal Justice. 35; 667-682.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">7. Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., & Buehler, J. (2002). “Scared Straight” and other juvenile awareness programs for preventing juvenile delinquency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2): CD002796.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-39010689802064149812012-02-29T10:25:00.003-05:002022-08-31T09:25:23.883-04:00What should I do if I think my child has Oppositional Defiant Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Mothers and fathers who are concerned that their youngster may have Oppositional Defiant Disorder should seek a professional evaluation. This is important as a first step in breaking the cycle of ineffective parenting of the "problem child.” </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">During the evaluation process, the parent may come to appreciate the interactive aspect of this disorder and look for ways to improve his/her management of the youngster. Books and parenting workshops given under the auspices of churches, schools, and community agencies may also help moms and dads respond better to the needs of their kids. </div>
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Once Oppositional Defiant Disorder has been diagnosed, the psychiatrist or other professional may recommend a combination of therapies. Among the options your clinician may recommend are following: </div>
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1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapy can help kids control their aggression and modulate their social behavior. Kids are rewarded and encouraged for proper behaviors. Cognitive therapy can teach kids with Oppositional Defiant Disorder self control, self guidance, and more thoughtful and efficient problem solving strategies. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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2. Family Therapy: Problems with family interactions are addressed in family therapy. Family structure, strategies for handling difficulties, and the ways moms and dads inadvertently reward noncompliance are explored and modified through this therapy. This approach can also address the family stress normally generated by living with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Sometimes in the course of treatment, a mother or father is also found to have a psychiatric disorder. Treatment of that parent may be helpful since the adult's behavior can affect how the youngster responds to treatment. </div>
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3. Individual Psychotherapy: The therapeutic relationship is the foundation of a successful therapy. It can provide the difficult youngster with a forum to explore his feelings and behaviors. The therapist may be able to help the youngster with more effective anger management, thus decreasing the defiant behavior. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The therapist may employ techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy to assist the youngster with problem solving skills and in identifying solutions to interactions that seem impossible to the youngster. The support gained through therapy can be invaluable in counterbalancing the frequent messages of failure to which the youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is often exposed. </div>
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4. Medication: Medication is only recommended when the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder occur with other conditions (e.g., ADHD, OCD, anxiety disorder). When stimulants are used to treat ADHD, they also appear to lessen defiant symptoms in the youngster. There is no medication specifically for treating symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder where there is no other emotional disorder.</div>
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5. Parent Training Programs: Some moms and dads are helped through formal parent training programs. In these sessions, the parent learns strategies for managing his/her kid's behavior. These are practical approaches to dealing with a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The emphasis is on observing the youngster and communicating clearly. Parents are taught negotiating skills, techniques of positive reinforcement, and other means of managing the behavior of the youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. </div>
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6. Social Skills Training: When coupled with other therapies, social skills training has been effective in helping kids smooth out their difficult social behaviors that result from their angry, defiant approach to rules. Social skills training incorporates reinforcement strategies and rewards for appropriate behavior to help a youngster learn to generalize positive behavior, that is, apply one set of social rules to other situations. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Thus, following the rules of a game may be generalized to rules of the classroom; working together on a team may generalize to working with adults rather than against them. Through such training, kids can learn to evaluate social situations and adjust their behavior accordingly. The most successful therapies are those that provide training in the youngster's natural environments - such as the classroom or in social groups as this may help them apply the lessons learned directly to their lives.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-46849833855316197752012-02-27T10:24:00.001-05:002022-04-30T11:42:04.229-04:00Does bad parenting cause Oppositional Defiant Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>Re: Does bad parenting cause Oppositional Defiant Disorder?</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHJP4rAOls_kLv-A9dM9zt4cPjqo63MIFeldTaZ3YfQ1fCRuDIiDmN7MqiruBhgf12__hVdvTBZ-Aavq5RcZxhh3I10p8QrQC0OsHfX8mufoYhKdyovCJwGUWq858UNV0u5-b7fKuB5j9/s1600/bad+parentng+and+oppositional+defiant+disorder.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHJP4rAOls_kLv-A9dM9zt4cPjqo63MIFeldTaZ3YfQ1fCRuDIiDmN7MqiruBhgf12__hVdvTBZ-Aavq5RcZxhh3I10p8QrQC0OsHfX8mufoYhKdyovCJwGUWq858UNV0u5-b7fKuB5j9/s1600/bad+parentng+and+oppositional+defiant+disorder.jpg" width="200" /></a>I don’t think there is a causal relationship (i.e., one causes the other) between bad parenting and Oppositional Defiant Disorder – but there certainly is a correlation (i.e., one contributes to the other) between lack of appropriate parenting skills (i.e., skills needed specifically for raising an oppositional child) and this disorder.</div>
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder does seem to arise out of a circular family dynamic. The infant, who is by nature more difficult, fussy and colicky, may be harder to soothe. The mom or dad may feel frustrated and unsuccessful at parenting such a child. If parents perceive their youngster as unresponsive or "bad," they may begin to anticipate that the youngster will be unresponsive or noncompliant. They may then become unresponsive or unreliable in return, adding to the youngster's feelings of helplessness, neediness, and frustration. </div>
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As moms and dads attempt to assert control by insisting on compliance in such areas as eating, toilet training, sleeping, or speaking politely, the youngster may demonstrate resistance by withholding or withdrawing. As a youngster matures, increasing negativism, defiance, and noncompliance become misguided ways of dealing with grown-ups. In this way the disorder may be a tenacious drawing out of the "terrible twos." </div>
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The more a youngster reacts in defiant, provocative ways, the more negative feedback is elicited from the mother or father. In an attempt to achieve compliance, the parent and other authority figures remind, lecture, berate, physically punish, and nag the youngster. But far from diminishing defiant behavior, these kinds of responses toward the youngster tend to increase the rate and intensity of non-compliance. Ultimately, it becomes a tug of war and a battle of wills. </div>
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When such patterns typify parent-child relationships, discipline is often inconsistent. At times, moms and dads may explode in anger as they attempt to control and discipline their youngster. At other times, they may withhold appropriate consequences which soon become hollow threats. As the youngster continues to provoke and defy, parents lose control. Then, feeling regret and guilt (especially if they’ve become verbally or physically explosive), the parent may become excessively rewarding and gratifying in order to undo what they now perceive to have been excessive discipline or punitive consequences. </div>
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When a youngster starts school, this pattern of defiant behavior tends to provoke educators and peers as well. At school, the youngster is met with anger, punitive reactions and criticism. The youngster then argues back, blames others and gets angry. </div>
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These kids tend to have difficult adapting at school. Their behavior can cause disruption in the classroom and interfere with social and academic functioning. When their behavior and defiance affects their schoolwork and performance, kids often experience school failure and social isolation. This, coupled with chronic criticism, often leads to low self-esteem. Usually, Oppositional Defiant Disorder kids feel unfairly picked on. In fact, they may believe that their behavior is reasonable and the treatment and criticism they receive unfair. </div>
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder coexists with ADHD in many cases. In fact, the impulsivity and hyperactivity of ADHD can greatly amplify the non-compliance and uncontrolled anger of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder may also occur as part of major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, or mania. Some kids with separation anxiety disorder may also have defiant behaviors. Clingy attachment merges into or possibly reflects oppositional behavior. There also seems to be a correlation between Oppositional Defiant Disorder in a youngster and a history of disruptive disorders, substance abuse, or other emotional disorders in the parents(s). </div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-69762980589479320782012-02-26T18:25:00.000-05:002019-06-27T09:31:20.056-04:00What should be done about a child who abuses animals?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHwSAKjxcmZfDyV-pYTk2gGxfvi914oVfl3rEQJXpFKQeOrF9OC3_IxzR7pEB3rWdUG4YisnduKk6yXC3brtXiGpPDKh87e-U7WxqzTo0pfpk6z_c_YoaY7yyM9KP5uOH5DP80d3BID-2/s1600/abused-animals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSHwSAKjxcmZfDyV-pYTk2gGxfvi914oVfl3rEQJXpFKQeOrF9OC3_IxzR7pEB3rWdUG4YisnduKk6yXC3brtXiGpPDKh87e-U7WxqzTo0pfpk6z_c_YoaY7yyM9KP5uOH5DP80d3BID-2/s200/abused-animals.jpg" width="200" /></a><b>Question</b></div>
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My 11 yr old granddaughter that has lived with me since she was 2 has been hurting my animals. I show dogs and this is a business so it isn't as simple as re-homing a pet. A year ago she dislocated a dog’s ankle requiring 2 surgeries to repair when in anger she stomped on its foot. I made her tell the vet who talked to her, as did I about the inappropriateness of her actions. I found she's still hitting them but not as severely this past week and took her to the police station. They explained to her this is a felony and she could go to jail for 5 yrs and gave me a few options available in our county including institutionalizing her or some juvenile jail time or a program for troubled youth where she would live at home. We did a lot of therapy years ago, but it didn't seem to improve anything and now it's a mess and I am overwhelmed and don't even know where to begin. I really think each time she does something like this and she's talked to and reasoned with she'll quit but of course she doesn't. This makes me feel completely inappropriate to be raising her and at a loss as to what to do next. It's just her and I. She hasn't even seen her mother since she was dropped off 9 yrs ago. My understanding is that her mother, who is a severe and active alcoholic, was diagnosed as bipolar at 7 yrs and has a history much like this. Please ...Where do I go from here? </div>
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<i>Re: Where do I go from here? </i></div>
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<u>Straight to a therapist</u>! Also, hold her accountable for future animal abuse by calling police and enlisting the help of juvenile probation.</div>
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Recognize the severity of the situation. If you think torturing a dog is where it's going to stop, you're wrong. A youngster harming a pet is a precursor to some very serious violent behavior. Research in psychology and criminology shows that people who commit acts of cruelty against animals don't stop there – many of them move on to hurting people. Kids who harm pets are at risk for other kinds of acting-out behavior and need immediate help. What also goes along with torturing animals is setting fires. If you smell smoke, you'd better take it seriously. </div>
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<i>More statistics on animal abuse:</i></div>
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<li>Animal abuse is not just the result of a minor personality flaw in the abuser, but a symptom of a deep mental disturbance.</li>
<li>Kids who abuse animals most likely are repeating a lesson learned at home from their parents or guardians. They are reacting to anger or frustration with violence.</li>
<li>Domestic abuse is directed toward the powerless; animal abuse and child abuse often goes hand and hand.</li>
<li>Studies show that acts of cruelty toward animals are the first signs of violent pathology that includes human victims.</li>
<li>Studies show that violent and aggressive criminals are more likely to have abused animals as kids.</li>
<li>The kid’s violence is directed at the only individual in the family more vulnerable than themselves – an animal.</li>
<li>The FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers. </li>
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The media has reported on serial killers’ initial practice with pets. <i>Here is a short list of famous killers and their disturbing and sordid beginning:</i></div>
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<li>Albert DeSalvo (Boston Strangler) shot arrows into boxes of trapped cats and dogs.</li>
<li>Carroll Edmund Cole claimed his first violent act was strangling a puppy …later he murdered 35 people.</li>
<li>David Berkowitz (Son of Sam) shot his neighbor’s Labrador retriever.</li>
<li>Jeffrey Dahmer is reported to have impaled and killed neighbor’s pets.</li>
<li>Keith Hunter Jesperson (Happy Face Killer) began his life of violence by throwing a cat against the pavement and then strangling it to death.</li>
<li>Patrick Sherril stole pets, tied them up and allowed his own dogs to mutilate them – later murdered 14 co-workers before killing himself.</li>
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Why do some children and teens abuse animals? <i>Here are just a few reasons:</i></div>
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<li>animal phobias</li>
<li>attachment to animal (child kills to prevent torture by another)</li>
<li>curiosity of exploration (usually by a young or developmentally delayed child)</li>
<li>forced abuse (coerced into animal abuse by someone more powerful)</li>
<li>identification with child’s abuser (victimized child trying to regain control)</li>
<li>imitation (copying parent’s discipline)</li>
<li>mood enhancement (relieves boredom)</li>
<li>peer pressure (peers encourage as part of initiation)</li>
<li>post-traumatic play</li>
<li>rehearsal for interpersonal violence (practicing on pets before engaging in human violence)</li>
<li>self-injury (using animal to inflict pain on his own body)</li>
<li>sexual gratification</li>
<li>vehicle for emotional abuse (to frighten sibling, etc.)</li>
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<i>Types of animal abusers:</i></div>
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1. <b>The Experimenter (ages 1-6 or developmentally delayed):</b> This is usually a preschool youngster who has not developed the cognitive maturity to understand that animals have feelings are not to be treated as toys. This may be the youngster's first pet or he doesn't have a lot of experience or training on how to take care of a variety of animals.</div>
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<b>What to do:</b> To some extent, of course, this depends on the age and development of the youngster. In general, though, explain to the youngster that it is not okay to hit or mistreat an animal, just as it's not okay to hit or mistreat another youngster. Humane education interventions (teaching kids to be kind, caring, and nurturing toward animals) by parents and teachers are likely to be sufficient to encourage desistence of animal abuse in these kids,</div>
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2. <b>The "Cry-for-Help" Abuser (ages 6 - 12):</b> This is a youngster who intellectually understands that it is not okay to hurt pets. This behavior is not due to a lack of education, instead the animal abuse is more likely to be a symptom of a deeper psychological problem. A number of studies have linked childhood animal abuse to domestic violence in the home as well as childhood physical or sexual abuse. </div>
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<b>What to do:</b> Seek professional assistance. While most parents have the ability to weather many of the normal ups-and-downs of child-rearing without professional assistance, this is an exception. It is not "normal" for a youngster this age to intentionally mistreat an animal. </div>
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3. <b>The Conduct-Disorder Abuser (ages 12 - 18):</b> Teenagers who abuse animals almost always engage in other antisocial behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, gang activities). Sometimes the animal abuse is in conjunction with a deviant peer group (an initiation rite or as a result of peer pressure), while other times it may be used as a way to alleviate boredom or achieve a sense of control. </div>
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<b>What to do:</b> Get professional help immediately. Also, enlist the help and support of friends, family members, teachers, law officials, etc. </div>
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Having said all this, it is very likely that your granddaughter was emotionally abused as a young child, and now you are dealing with the aftermath. </div>
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<i>Information on children who were abused:</i></div>
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The specific problems that you may see will vary depending upon the nature, intensity, duration, and timing of the neglect or abuse. Some kids will have profound and obvious problems, while some will have very subtle problems that you may not realize are related to early-life neglect. Sometimes these kids do not appear to have been affected by their experiences. There are some clues that experienced therapists consider when working with such kids:</div>
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• Aggression: One of the major problems with these kids is aggression and cruelty. This is related to two primary problems in neglected kids: (1) lack of empathy and (2) poor impulse control. The ability to emotionally "understand" the impact of behavior on others is impaired in these kids. They really do not understand or feel what it is like for others when they do or say something hurtful. Indeed, these kids often feel compelled to lash out and hurt others — most typically something less powerful than they are. They will hurt animals, smaller kids, peers and siblings. One of the most disturbing elements of this aggression is that it is often accompanied by a detached, cold lack of empathy. They may show regret (an intellectual response) but not remorse (an emotional response) when confronted about their aggressive or cruel behaviors.</div>
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• Developmental delays: Kids experiencing emotional neglect in early childhood often have developmental delay in other domains. The bond between the young kid and her caregivers provides the major vehicle for developing physically, emotionally, and cognitively. It is in this primary context that kids learn language, social behaviors, and a host of other key behaviors required for healthy development. Lack of consistent and enriched experiences in early childhood can result in delays in motor, language, social, and cognitive development.</div>
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• Eating: Odd eating behaviors are common, especially in kids with severe neglect and attachment problems. They will hoard food, hide food in their rooms, or eat as if there will be no more meals even if they have had years of consistent available foods. They may have failure to thrive, rumination (throwing up food), swallowing problems and, later in life, odd eating behaviors that are often misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa.</div>
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• Emotional functioning: A range of emotional problems is common in maltreated kids, including depressive and anxiety symptoms. One common behavior is "indiscriminant" attachment. All kids seek safety. Keeping in mind that attachment is important for survival, kids may seek attachments — any attachments — for their safety. Abused and neglected kids can be "loving" and hug virtual strangers. Kids do not develop a deep emotional bond with relatively unknown people; rather, these "affectionate" behaviors are actually safety-seeking behaviors. Therapists are concerned because these behaviors contribute to the abused youngster's confusion about intimacy, and are not consistent with normal social interactions.</div>
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• Inappropriate modeling: Kids model adult behavior — even if it is abusive. Maltreated kids learn that abusive behavior is the "right" way to interact with others. As you can see, this potentially causes problems in their social interactions with grown-ups and other kids. For kids who have been sexually abused, they may become more at-risk for future victimization. Boys who have been sexually abused may become sexual offenders.</div>
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• Soothing behavior: These kids will use very primitive, immature and bizarre soothing behaviors. They may bite themselves, head bang, rock, chant, scratch, or cut themselves. These symptoms will increase during times of distress or threat.</div>
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<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>==> Help for Parents with Oppositional Defiant Children and Teens</b></span></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-84763465731442770512012-02-26T12:13:00.001-05:002022-04-30T11:42:24.673-04:00What are the identifying signs of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>I think my child may have ODD. How would I know for sure?</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHlZfavjB1oNgHBKRNmQuNwIEGDrk2YAXHMzet5cMarTOQXk4PI5bzCrk3vKhFUWThMBJrsNLyLva2cjF6ElCNxLNGJZ-FWg-Zo4dUFd2_4HGsb_tFLIH0pMoOvOfPtQK1XzcG_IhyphenhyphenqpOZ/s1600/child+defies+authority.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHlZfavjB1oNgHBKRNmQuNwIEGDrk2YAXHMzet5cMarTOQXk4PI5bzCrk3vKhFUWThMBJrsNLyLva2cjF6ElCNxLNGJZ-FWg-Zo4dUFd2_4HGsb_tFLIH0pMoOvOfPtQK1XzcG_IhyphenhyphenqpOZ/s200/child+defies+authority.gif" width="200" /></a>Distinguishing Oppositional Defiant Disorder from age appropriate normal defiant behavior isn't easy. Symptoms of the disorder tend to mirror (in exaggerated form) child rearing problems common in all families. In addition, different families have various levels of tolerance for defiant behavior. In some, a minor infraction of the house rules produces major consequences, while in more liberal homes, defiant behaviors are largely ignored until they cause major problems. </div>
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In kids with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, there is a pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward adults that seriously interferes with the youngster’s day-to-day functioning. Regularly, they lose their temper, argue with adults, actively defy adult rules, refuse adult requests, and deliberately annoy others. The symptoms are seen in multiple settings (e.g., home, school, in the neighborhood, etc.) and are not simply the result of a conflict with a particular mother/father or educator. </div>
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Blaming others for their mistakes, these kids often appear touchy, angry, resentful, spiteful, or vindictive. Although overtly aggressive behavior tends to be limited, some kids engage in mild physical aggression. However, their language tends to be aggressive and often obscene. </div>
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Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder were probably fussy, colicky, or difficult to soothe as babies. During the toddler and preschool years, when a certain degree of defiance is considered normal, ordinary points of contention in the family become battlegrounds for intractable power struggles with these kids. These defiant episodes typically center on eating, toilet training, and sleeping. Tantrums are usually extreme in a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. </div>
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Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder consistently dawdle and procrastinate. They claim to forget or fail to hear and, as a result, are often referred for hearing evaluations, only to be found to have normal hearing. The issue is not obeying what was heard rather than a problem with not hearing. </div>
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As the youngster matures, struggles may center on keeping his room picked-up, cleaning-up after himself, taking showers, going to bed on time, not interrupting or talking back, and doing homework. In all cases, winning becomes the most important aspect of the struggle. At times, a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder will forfeit cherished privileges rather than lose the argument. </div>
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Milder forms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder are limited to the home environment, while at school the youngster may be more passively resistant and uncooperative. More severe forms involve oppositional behavior toward other adults (e.g., teachers, coaches, etc.). </div>
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The defiant youngster typically has little insight and ability to admit to the difficulties. Rather, he tends to blame his troubles on others and on external circumstances. He is always questioning the rules and challenging those he perceives to be unreasonable. </div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-73722674499071692882012-02-25T13:13:00.001-05:002022-04-30T11:42:36.700-04:00How does a therapist diagnose Oppositional Defiant Disorder versus Conduct Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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There is a large overlap between Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, with similarities in both disorders that include:</div>
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<li>anger</li>
<li>bullying of peers and siblings</li>
<li>defiance</li>
<li>disobedience</li>
<li>rebellion against authority</li>
<li>resentment</li>
<li>school problems</li>
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In order to differentiate between the two, one of the things a therapist will generally look at is how the adolescent treats animals. Is he or she mean or cruel to the family pets or kind to them? </div>
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Another area that is looked at is whether or not there have been legal problems, what those legal problems were, and if they are recurring or one-time events. For example, many adolescents experiment with shoplifting and end up getting caught, but this does not mean they have either a Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder. However, if they keep shoplifting, or their activities turn to more serious stealing behavior, it is probably safe to assume that there is a more serious behavior problem going on. </div>
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In addition, setting fires and stealing (e.g., breaking into cars and stealing stereo) are more serious offenses that would generally tend to indicate a Conduct Disorder rather than Oppositional Defiant Disorder.</div>
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To further complicate the process of making a diagnosis, some research is now beginning to show that Conduct Disorder may be a component of childhood Bipolar Disorder, and there is a possibility that the behaviors attributed to Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder are perhaps motivated by a mood disorder. </div>
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Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive illness, described in simplest terms is a chemical imbalance in the brain that causes major mood swings, from elation to severe depression, which many times can be helped greatly with the right medication. Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder can experience mood shifts from very elated to very depressed several times in a day, making it nearly impossible for these adolescents to concentrate and get anything done. These mood shifts can cause symptoms that are similar to ADHD, and therefore this is just one more diagnostic dilemma for the therapist. </div>
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Other research shows that adolescents with ADHD can also present in a very similar way as those with either Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The possibility that both Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be a component of ADHD or Bipolar Disorder is being researched. Therefore, Bipolar Disorder and ADHD - as well as Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder - are processes that the therapist must take into consideration when attempting to diagnose an adolescent who is displaying severe behavior problems. </div>
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The therapist may resolve the problem of overlapping behaviors and disorders by assigning more than one diagnosis to a youngster (called “dual diagnosis”). And as many moms and dads have discovered, because distinguishing among these disorders can be quite difficult, their youngster may receive one diagnosis from the therapist and a different diagnosis from the psychiatrist. This only adds to the concerns of the moms and dads, leaving them to wonder if anybody at all knows what is really going on!</div>
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More than half of adolescents with Conduct Disorder stop exhibiting these behaviors in early adulthood, but about one third of the cases persist, developing into antisocial personality disorder or other mood or anxiety disorders.</div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-91352086809034204862012-02-25T12:58:00.001-05:002022-04-30T11:42:46.442-04:00Is there a connection between ADHD and Conduct Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiem9L50fbDz-aUF1qB9uo2S0xNrkcyjjy7pFwLLLZqs-ndP19TdYQwg0lEF5JG8BO494nFxXTzg91VJWXqXY4-9r5zfYimRWibxPCAUyxSsxSS1g-gzeMoRTII7rpBTzUqG16WUuu6Rnmv/s1600/ADHD+plus+ODD.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiem9L50fbDz-aUF1qB9uo2S0xNrkcyjjy7pFwLLLZqs-ndP19TdYQwg0lEF5JG8BO494nFxXTzg91VJWXqXY4-9r5zfYimRWibxPCAUyxSsxSS1g-gzeMoRTII7rpBTzUqG16WUuu6Rnmv/s200/ADHD+plus+ODD.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Data collected in numerous studies indicates that about 50% of kids with ADHD will also develop Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) at some point during their development. </div>
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An interesting finding has been that although "pure" ADHD (i.e., without either Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder) is quite common in kids, the reverse is less likely. In other words, it appears that most kids under age 12 who meet criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder will also be diagnosed with ADHD. </div>
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In these cases, it appears that the impulsivity and over activity that is characteristic of ADHD kids, and the ensuing difficulties this creates in parent-child, teacher-child, and peer relationships, increases the risk for the kind of problematic interactions that promote the develop of these other disruptive behavior disorders. </div>
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The long term outcomes of kids with pure ADHD - and with ADHD plus Conduct Disorder - are very different. For example, in one study in which samples that followed two samples of ADHD kids (one with high levels of aggressive behavior and the other without) there were no cases of drug or alcohol abuse at age 14 in the ADHD only group, while for the ADHD aggressive group, over 30% had engaged in substance abuse. </div>
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In a similar study using different samples of kids, approximately 1/3 of ADHD/Conduct Disorder males had committed multiple crimes as teens compared to fewer than 4% of males who had been diagnosed with ADHD alone. </div>
<br /><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-68994092519226896352012-02-25T12:48:00.000-05:002019-06-25T10:08:28.926-04:00What is Conduct Disorder?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYo5M18LCYJAnTndptVoW2dAw-QBgcBMrphEDrHfCCRJ_-n6CHsCvdTD38eVgctbZZUQ3fkKWzfAKaewiF5gPjvCRsk1twAvguDsIP2mQkpmUr5xOI_ulPodmKmdAu530UNGoDlNZ-YGuO/s1600/what+is+conduct+disorder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYo5M18LCYJAnTndptVoW2dAw-QBgcBMrphEDrHfCCRJ_-n6CHsCvdTD38eVgctbZZUQ3fkKWzfAKaewiF5gPjvCRsk1twAvguDsIP2mQkpmUr5xOI_ulPodmKmdAu530UNGoDlNZ-YGuO/s200/what+is+conduct+disorder.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Conduct Disorder (CD) is a more severe type of behavioral disorder than Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and is more likely to develop in kids with ADHD. According to the publication of the American Psychiatric Association that provides current diagnostic criteria for all recognized psychiatric disorders, the essential feature of Conduct Disorder is "...a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or age appropriate social norms or rules are violated." These behaviors fall into 4 main groupings: </div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Serious violation of rules (e.g., truancy from school; running away from home; staying out at night prior to age 13)</li>
<li>Non-aggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage (e.g., fire setting with intent to cause damage; deliberate destruction of property)</li>
<li>Deceitfulness or theft (e.g., shoplifting; breaking into someone's house; frequent lying to obtain goods or avoid obligations)</li>
<li>Aggressive behavior that causes or threatens to cause harm (e.g., initiating fights; cruelty to people or animals)</li>
</ol>
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For the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder to be correctly assigned, at least 3 of the specific symptoms must have occurred during the prior 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the last 6 months. In addition, the disturbance in behavior must clearly result in clinically significantly impairment in the youngster or teenager's social, academic, or occupational functioning. These criteria are intended to assure that the diagnosis is not assigned for an isolated antisocial act, but is instead reserved for children/teens who show a pattern of antisocial behavior over a significant period of time. </div>
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In addition to these core diagnostic criteria, children/teens with Conduct Disorder often display a number of associated features as well:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>guilt and remorse over clear misdeeds are often absent, other than feeling badly about having been caught</li>
<li>poor frustration tolerance and irritability are often present</li>
<li>self-esteem is often poor even though an image of "toughness" is often presented</li>
<li>they are prone to often misinterpret other's intentions towards them as being hostile which can lead them to overreact in a retaliatory, aggressive manner</li>
<li>they often have little empathy or concern for the feelings and wishes of others</li>
</ul>
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Conduct Disorder is often also associated with:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>dropping out of school</li>
<li>early onset of sexual behavior</li>
<li>excessive risk taking</li>
<li>poor academic performance</li>
<li>school suspension</li>
<li>self-destructive behavior</li>
<li>substance use and abuse</li>
<li>suicide</li>
</ul>
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It is important to recognize that the symptoms of Conduct Disorder do not really share any overlap with diagnostic criteria for ADHD. These two disorders certainly share many of the "associated features," but the actually symptoms that are used to make the diagnosis for each condition are really quite distinct. </div>
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This is why if a youngster with ADHD is also displaying the types of behaviors that may warrant a Conduct Disorder diagnosis, it is important not to attribute the antisocial behavior to just another facet of the youngster's ADHD. The danger in doing this is that the youngster may not receive the necessary and appropriate treatment as a result. </div>
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Two different types of Conduct Disorder are currently recognized:</div>
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1. The Adolescent-Onset Type. This type is applicable to teens who currently meet the diagnosis for Conduct Disorder but who showed no symptoms of Conduct Disorder prior to age 10. People with adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder are less likely to display aggressive behavior and are more likely to have decent peer relationships. Of utmost importance is that adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder less likely to be associated with serious behavior problems that persist into adulthood. </div>
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2. The Childhood-Onset Type is defined by the onset of at least on symptom of Conduct Disorder prior to age 10. Thus, even though a youngster may not meet full diagnostic criteria before age 10, if these criteria are met when the youngster is 12, and at least one symptom was present (e.g. running away) before 10, the Childhood-Onset Type would apply. Almost all kids who meet criteria for childhood-onset Conduct Disorder would have previously been diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. </div>
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Although Conduct Disorder may occur in kids as young as 5-6, its onset is usually in late childhood or early adolescence. The course of Conduct Disorder is variable: in a majority of people, the disorder remits by adulthood. Nonetheless, a substantial percentage continues to display sufficient antisocial behaviors into adulthood to warrant the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder as young adults. This is most likely to be true as noted above, for people whose Conduct Disorder begins early in life and is marked by aggressive behavior. </div>
<br />
<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Parenting Children and Teens with ODD and CD</b></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-36953299613108806272012-02-25T11:20:00.002-05:002022-04-30T11:43:09.006-04:00What is the best way to work with oppositional defiant high school students?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpmvNNqG9mFLHDG_zNxcbp4mMFm1wv7Ds1nFxNMo9-4BFPwZBUkvAGYPg_fID1TaOl0Szbjx2HvP8wY3MPm0jUHXmCU6Q9x-6pHE3Tjmz4Ygm7BIPyNU9nsDsab9Ecx5T8Apy_4rPF52K/s1600/teaching+student+with+ODD.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpmvNNqG9mFLHDG_zNxcbp4mMFm1wv7Ds1nFxNMo9-4BFPwZBUkvAGYPg_fID1TaOl0Szbjx2HvP8wY3MPm0jUHXmCU6Q9x-6pHE3Tjmz4Ygm7BIPyNU9nsDsab9Ecx5T8Apy_4rPF52K/s200/teaching+student+with+ODD.jpeg" width="149" /></a></div>
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The first thing to keep in mind is this 10 letter word: PREVENTION. Once an ODD student has it out for you (i.e., you’re on his/her hit list), then it is nearly impossible to re-establish a positive relationship with that child. It is helpful to understand how ODD children think when trying to come up with prevention methods.</div>
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<i>How does a student with ODD think?</i></div>
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<li>“Because I know how much you want me to change, I will be very stubborn about changing behaviors.”</li>
<li>“I am equal to those in authority.”</li>
<li>“In spite of experiencing your intended punishments and/or rewards, if I change, it will be on my time and for me.”</li>
<li>“My greatest sense of control comes from how I make others feel.”</li>
<li>“No one has the right to tell me what to do.”</li>
<li>“When you punish or reward me, I feel that you are trying to control or manipulate me.”</li>
<li>“Yes, I sometimes do the wrong thing, but it is usually your fault.” </li>
</ul>
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<i>Now let’s look at the prevention methods that work best with ODD students:</i></div>
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1. Act, don’t discuss. Prompt actions work better than trying to reason with a student that has ODD. It can quickly turn argumentative. </div>
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2. Address the student’s basic needs of belonging, competence, independence, and generosity.</div>
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3. Avoid disliking the ODD student (he/she will pick up on your ‘dislike’ because ODD kids are very perceptive).</div>
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4. Build a good relationship through consistent boundaries and respectful attitudes.</div>
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5. Create a distraction. Think of a happy or funny moment and remind the student of it. </div>
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6. Create a predictable environment within the classroom and have a safe-haven for the student (some place he/she can go when he/she need space). </div>
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7. Do not bring up the past. You can do nothing to change it.</div>
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8. Don’t ‘react’. Do ‘act’. If you react, you are giving the student exactly what he/she wants. </div>
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9. Educate yourself thoroughly about ODD.</div>
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10. Embrace the student’s feelings, “I see that this is really important to you.”</div>
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11. Find an area of interest or expertise and ask for the student’s help. </div>
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12. Find the time to help the student develop life skills for impulse control, anger-management, decision-making skills, and social-skills. </div>
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13. Have clear rules and appropriate consequences in place.</div>
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14. Have the ODD student answer the question, “What has anger done for you lately?”</div>
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15. Have the student get involved in a service-learning project.</div>
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16. Help the student set a goal each day. Also, help him/her monitor success.</div>
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17. Help the entire family. Educate family about ODD (if needed) and work together to help the student.</div>
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18. Keep a relaxed facial expression when the ODD student “gets to you” (i.e., he/she says or does something that makes you angry). Composure is contagious (i.e., you stay calm – the ODD student will likely stay calm too).</div>
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19. Keep a volcano calendar: Use an illustration to help the student keep track of the intensity and frequency of anger situations. </div>
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20. Know that an ODD child is, by definition “oppositional.” This means, in a way, that he/she will do the “opposite” of what you ‘want’ or ‘need’. Thus, be careful not to use phrases like, “I need you to pay attention” … “I want you to sit with your head up” … “I would like for you to stop tapping your pencil” …etc. You will likely get the opposite of what you want in these cases.</div>
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21. Phrase directions as statements not as questions. If you ask an ODD student to do something he/she probably won’t. </div>
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22. Pick your battles carefully. Keep in mind the struggles that students with ODD go through every day and be willing to ignore some of the less serious behavior. </div>
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23. Practice emotional neutrality. </div>
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24. Send the student on an errand if you anticipate a resistant behavior. </div>
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25. Take a time-out to cool down when things get heated (e.g., “I need some time to think about the points you are making”). A short walk down the hallway and back can be very helpful in gaining your composure. If the ODD student perceives that he/she has pushed one of your buttons, he/she will continue to push, push, and push.</div>
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26. Take care of your mental health during off-school hours (e.g., plenty of rest, exercise, healthy food, etc.).</div>
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27. Time Projection: Have the student try to imagine 1 or 2 months into the future when he/she is having a difficult time. </div>
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28. Trust the student enough to use him/her as a peer-helper. </div>
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29. Use behaviors that diminish power struggles (e.g., privacy, listening, simple directives and choices, brevity, walking away, saying “I want you to have the last word”).</div>
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30. Use the No-Confidence Approach: You may say, “Hmm, I don’t think you’re ready for this yet.” The ODD student will probably try to prove you wrong.</div>
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<i>In summary, remember the following:</i></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>There are things that work – it may just take some time to find out what they are.</li>
<li>Small successes are something to be very proud of.</li>
<li>Never take the child’s behavior personally.</li>
<li>Keep calm and never get emotional around your ODD student.</li>
<li>An ODD child has needs just like every other student. </li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">==> Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder</a></span></b></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-70067880438902743582012-02-24T15:17:00.002-05:002019-06-24T09:30:17.032-04:00Parenting Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/YugwnSIiXTg?rel=0" width="420"></iframe><br />
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<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Oppositional Defiant Children and Teens</b></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8759803075573081590.post-70015390194341099982012-02-24T13:27:00.002-05:002019-06-23T11:05:28.032-04:00Oppositional Defiant Disorder: What Parents Need To Know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJnEfwpVvTgS2-gDonzwguJPqTqf1PGbApH31YN8kkMUigvI1r16YqfilmMUosuSveg_lhc8U7WzfpjP1GDLOD4Sbd-12i54q_zFw-yGkF7s77zQ_TwwdmT_LJzp5URe_ZoEmYvWT7Y7A/s1600/help+for+child+with+oppositional+defiance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJnEfwpVvTgS2-gDonzwguJPqTqf1PGbApH31YN8kkMUigvI1r16YqfilmMUosuSveg_lhc8U7WzfpjP1GDLOD4Sbd-12i54q_zFw-yGkF7s77zQ_TwwdmT_LJzp5URe_ZoEmYvWT7Y7A/s200/help+for+child+with+oppositional+defiance.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months and is not due to a mood or psychotic disorder. To fulfill the diagnosis, the person must have 4 of the following: </div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Often actively defies or refuses to comply with adult requests</li>
<li>Often angry or resentful</li>
<li>Often argues with adults</li>
<li>Often blames others for his or her mistakes or poor behavior</li>
<li>Often deliberately annoys others</li>
<li>Often loses temper</li>
<li>Often spiteful or vindictive</li>
<li>Often touchy or easily annoyed</li>
</ul>
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Symptoms are almost always present at home and may or may not be present in the community and at school.<b> </b></div>
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<b>Treatment & Management—</b></div>
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Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder need to be assessed for the presence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and learning disorders, given the high co-morbidity. If Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is present, guanfacine or stimulants may be very useful in helping the youngster contain his behavior and reversing the vicious cycle the youngster and the mother or and father have gotten into. Parent guidance, as well as therapy for the youngster, is needed. Parent Management Training consists of procedures in which parents are trained to change their own behaviors and thereby alter their youngster's problem behavior in the home. </div>
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These patterns develop when mothers and fathers inadvertently reinforce disruptive and deviant behaviors in a youngster by giving those behaviors a significant amount of negative attention. At the same time, parents, who are often exhausted by the struggle to obtain compliance with simple requests, usually fail to provide positive attention. Often, moms and dads have infrequent positive interactions with their kids. The pattern of negative interactions evolves quickly as the result of:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>ineffective harsh punishments</li>
<li>insufficient attention and modeling of appropriate behaviors</li>
<li>repeated, ineffective, emotionally expressed commands and comments</li>
</ul>
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Parent Management Training alters the pattern by encouraging the mother or father to pay attention to pro-social behavior and to use effective, brief, non-aversive punishments. Treatment is conducted primarily with parents. The therapist demonstrates specific procedures to modify parental interactions with their youngster. Parents are first trained to simply have periods of positive play interaction with their youngster. They then receive further training to identify the youngster's positive behaviors and to reinforce these behaviors. At that point, mothers and fathers are trained in the use of brief negative consequences for misbehavior. Treatment sessions provide parents with opportunities to practice and refine the techniques.</div>
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Follow-up studies of operational Parent Management Training techniques in which mothers and fathers successfully modified their behavior showed continued improvements for years after the treatment was finished. Treatment effects have been stronger with younger kids, especially in those with less severe problems. Recent research suggests that less severe problems, rather than a younger patient age, is predictive of treatment success. Approximately 65% of families show significant clinical benefit from well-designed parent management programs.</div>
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Regardless of the youngster's age, intervention early in the developing pattern of oppositional behavior is likely to be more effective than waiting for the youngster to grow out of it. These kids can benefit from group treatment. The process of modeling behaviors and reactions within group settings creates a real-life adaptation process. In younger kids, combined treatment in which mothers and fathers attend a Parent Management Training group while the kids go to a social skills group has consistently resulted in the best outcome. The efficacy of group treatment of teens with oppositional behaviors has been debated. Group therapy for teens with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is most beneficial when it is structured and focused on developing the skills of listening, empathy, and effective problem solving.</div>
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<b>Clinical Course—</b></div>
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If a youngster with a difficult temperament or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder grows up in a family with mothers and fathers that respond to the youngster's behavior with harsh, punitive, or inconsistent parenting, there is a high risk of the youngster will develop Oppositional Defiant Disorder. While moms and dads may have been adequate for a youngster with an easy temperament, faced with a youngster with a difficult temperament who often fails to do what he or she is told, perhaps due to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, parents become angry, punitive, and inconsistent. The youngster, in response, becomes angry and oppositional.</div>
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While problems initially appear at home, in time they may affect relationships with educators and peers. Problems with educators and peers lead to depression, anxiety, and additional problematic behavior. Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and poor social skills often do not recognize their role in peer conflicts, and they tend to not take responsibility for their own actions.</div>
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Symptoms frequently remit, especially if the youngster receives treatment, including treatment for the underlying Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and moms and dads receive parent guidance. At times, Oppositional Defiant Disorder may give way to Conduct Disorder. </div>
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<b>Risk Factors and Etiology—</b></div>
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder is most likely to arise when a strong-willed youngster with a reactive and high-energy temperament has a parent who is authoritarian rather than authoritative. An authoritarian parent who expects obedience will be frustrated with a youngster who does not listen as a result of being strong willed or having a high energy level.</div>
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Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are particularly vulnerable. The youngster will react to the excessive control of the parent by becoming angry and wanting to assert himself even more. The youngster will see the parent as inappropriately domineering and bossy, rather than helpful. The parent sees the youngster as unreasonable and disrespectful and is likely to try doubly hard to enforce her authority.</div>
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A downward spiral occurs, with the parent trying to control the youngster and the youngster feeling he must refuse to give in and must defend his autonomy. Both parties become angry and increasingly rigid in their stances as they try to defend their self-esteem. The youngster's negative behaviors may be inadvertently rewarded by attention, which, even though may be negative, is still desired.</div>
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<a href="https://www.onlineparentingcoach.com/2014/12/effective-disciplinary-techniques-for.html" target="_blank"><b>==> Help for Parents with Oppositional Defiant Children and Teens </b></a></div>
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